Table 2.
Examination of prenatal and postpartum depression screening by maternal, pregnancy, and provider characteristics
| Prenatal screening | Postpartum screening | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total prenatal sample | % screened during pregnancy | p value | Postpartum sample* | % screened postpartum | p value | |
| Total | 7548 | 65.1 | 7059 | 64.4 | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 24 and under | 1324 | 64.7 | 0.380 | 1219 | 57.4 | < 0.001 |
| 25–29 years | 2321 | 64.4 | 2170 | 64.3 | ||
| 30–34 years | 2527 | 66.4 | 2391 | 66.8 | ||
| 35 and over | 1376 | 64.2 | 1279 | 67.0 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| African American | 908 | 62.4 | 0.394 | 802 | 48.9 | < 0.001 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 44 | 61.4 | 34 | 47.1 | ||
| Asian | 558 | 66.0 | 517 | 67.7 | ||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 21 | 76.2 | 19 | 57.9 | ||
| White | 5917 | 65.5 | 5594 | 66.6 | ||
| Multi-racial | 102 | 62.8 | 93 | 55.9 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | 398 | 70.6 | 0.018 | 365 | 56.2 | 0.001 |
| Not Hispanic | 7150 | 64.8 | 6694 | 64.9 | ||
| Preferred language | ||||||
| English | 7081 | 65.4 | 0.055 | 6637 | 65.3 | < 0.001 |
| Language other than English | 464 | 61.0 | 420 | 51.4 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/partnered | 5216 | 64.6 | 0.136 | 4942 | 66.7 | < 0.001 |
| Single | 2325 | 66.3 | 2110 | 59.3 | ||
| Insurance | ||||||
| Medicaid/Medicare | 2434 | 64.0 | 0.169 | 2177 | 56.4 | < 0.001 |
| Private | 5114 | 65.6 | 4882 | 68.1 | ||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 2973 | 66.2 | 0.092 | 2843 | 66.9 | 0.001 |
| 1+ | 4491 | 64.3 | 4140 | 62.9 | ||
| Number of prenatal care visits | ||||||
| 3 to 9 | 1501 | 57.1 | < 0.001 | 1256 | 56.9 | < 0.001 |
| 10 to 19 | 5937 | 66.9 | 5697 | 66.1 | ||
| 20+ | 110 | 76.4 | 106 | 66.0 | ||
| Pregnancy risk status | ||||||
| Low-risk | 5916 | 65.1 | 0.929 | 5532 | 64.3 | 0.547 |
| High-risk | 1632 | 65.2 | 1527 | 65.1 | ||
| Single or multiple gestation | ||||||
| Singleton | 7224 | 65.5 | 0.001 | 6754 | 64.9 | < 0.001 |
| Multiple gestation | 324 | 56.8 | 305 | 54.4 | ||
| Prenatal care provider type | ||||||
| Ob-Gyn | 6113 | 64.6 | < 0.001 | 5702 | 67.2 | < 0.001 |
| Family medicine | 890 | 78.4 | 847 | 51.6 | ||
| Nurse practitioner | 340 | 45.9 | 311 | 55.6 | ||
| Certified nurse midwife | 204 | 54.4 | 198 | 52.5 | ||
| Prenatal-only measures | ||||||
| New or established patient | ||||||
| Established | 5072 | 66.0 | 0.021 | |||
| New patient | 2476 | 63.3 | ||||
| History of depression or anxiety at start of prenatal care | ||||||
| History of depression or anxiety | 1104 | 76.4 | < 0.001 | |||
| No history of depression or anxiety | 6444 | 63.2 | ||||
| Postpartum-only measures | ||||||
| Screened during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 4642 | 64.1 | 0.438 | |||
| No | 2435 | 65.1 | ||||
| Elevated symptoms during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 521 | 69.5 | 0.007 | |||
| No | 4103 | 63.4 | ||||
| Depression diagnosis during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 672 | 68.5 | 0.022 | |||
| No | 6387 | 64.0 | ||||
| Pregnancy outcome | ||||||
| Miscarriage/abortion | 15 | 73.3 | 0.507 | |||
| Fetal or infant death | 40 | 57.5 | ||||
| Live birth discharged alive | 7004 | 64.5 | ||||
| Gestation at delivery (singletons only) | ||||||
| Preterm, < 37 weeks gestation | 476 | 64.3 | 0.768 | |||
| Full-term, 37+ weeks gestation | 6266 | 65.0 | ||||
| Birthweight (singletons only) | ||||||
| Low birthweight, < 2500 g | 415 | 66.0 | 0.619 | |||
| Birthweight of 2500+ g | 6339 | 64.8 | ||||
Note percentages shown are within rows
*The postpartum sample includes women from the prenatal sample who returned within 0–3 months postpartum for a postpartum visit or other face-to-face visit with one of the provider types included in our definition of a prenatal care visit