Table 1.

Outbreaks detected in the data.

			Excess	Excess mortality
Onset	Offset	Duration (days)	Mortality	(per 105 pop.)	Common name
Dec 21 1889	Feb 13 1890	54	5,011	105.5	“Russian flu”
Dec 16 1891	Apr 14 1892	120	7,186	150.2	“Russian flu”
Dec 29 1893	Feb 13 1894	46	2,664	55.4	“Russian flu”
Dec 22 1914	Mar 04 1915	72	5,058	89.7
Sep 08 1918	Apr 25 1919	229	39,391	679.1	“Spanish flu”
Jan 11 1922	Mar 23 1922	71	3,527	59.2
Jan 21 1927	Apr 03 1927	72	4,587	75.5
Jan 04 1931	Mar 15 1931	70	4,571	74.4
Dec 29 1940	Mar 01 1941	62	3,145	49.6
Dec 20 1950	Feb 10 1951	52	2,363	33.8
Dec 15 1969	Jan 25 1970	41	1,345	17.0
Nov 22 1988	Jan 19 1989	58	2,997	35.6
Nov 22 1993	Jan 24 1994	63	2,877	33.1
Dec 13 1995	Jan 20 1996	38	2,543	28.8
Mar 19 2020	May 31 2020	73	5,216	50.5	COVID-19

Excess mortality is expressed as the difference between observed and expected deaths (see Methods), and is show both in absolute numbers as well as standardized to the size of the total population.