Population most at risk is immunosuppressed |
Vaccinate prior to anticipated immunosuppression. |
Augment specific immune system responses less affected by immunosuppression. |
Transfer protective lymphocytes to patient. |
Improve adjuvants. |
Diverse infection sites in the host |
Utilize delivery systems or adjuvants that drive the immune response at multiple sites of infections. |
Intraspecies and interspecies antigenic variation among fungi |
Target multiple epitopes with multivalent vaccines. |
Similarities between Fungi and Animalia kingdoms |
Target structures existing only in fungi, such as the cell wall. |
Use protein antigens unique to fungi to minimize autoimmune responses. |
Translation from animal models to humans |
Test the candidate vaccine in multiple animal models. |
Perform ex vivo studies with human cells. |
Formulation |
Select a delivery system and/or adjuvants to optimize protective responses and safety. |
Commercialization |
Attract interest and investments from governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and biopharmaceutical companies. |