Live-attenuated |
Strong and long-lasting immunogenicity; manufacturing processes are straightforward |
Risk of sustained infection in immunocompromised population; reactogenicity; autoimmunity |
Mutant C. neoformans strain lacking the enzyme sterylglucosidase 159
|
Killed fungus |
Cannot cause infection; stabler than live-attenuated vaccines; manufacturing processes are straightforward |
Elicit less strong immune responses compared to live vaccines; reactogenicity; autoimmunity |
Formalin-killed spherule vaccine for coccidioidomycosis75
|
Fungal extracts |
Contain numerous multivalent antigens |
Reactogenicity; autoimmunity |
Glucan particles containing Cryptococcus alkaline extracts53
|
Purified proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and lipids |
Fewer antigens minimizes the potential side effects |
Narrow immune response due to fewer antigens; adjuvants are needed; careful epitope selection, antigen design and purification are required |
NDV-3A vaccine (containing the recombinant N-terminus of C. albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein)44
|
Nucleic acid-encoded delivery of antigen(s): DNA or RNA vaccine |
Fast manufacturing process; strong immune responses |
Risks of eliciting unintended immune reactions; strict temperature requirements for storage |
DNA vaccine encoding cell wall antigen Mp1p against Penicillium marneffei infection81
|