Table 1.
Neonatal and childhood characteristics.
| Characteristic | HIE without hypothermia (n = 28) | HIE with hypothermia (n = 22) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 17 (60.7) | 15 (68.2) | 0.59 |
| Gestational age in weeks, median (IQR) | 40.86 (39.50–41.61) | 40.21 (39.68–41.50) | 0.53 |
| Birth weight in gram, median (IQR) | 3485 (3103—3700) | 3710 (3280–4410) | 0.009 * |
| Apgar 1 min, median (IQR) | 2 (2–4) | 1 (1–2) | 0.006* |
| Apgar 5 min, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 3.5 (3–4.75) | 0.18 |
| Apgar 10 min, median (IQR) | 6 (4.5–7.5) | 5 (4–6) | 0.18 |
| Highest lactate within first 12 h after birth, median (IQR) | 7.7 (3.65–11.13) | 12.4 (5.73–19.13) | < 0.05* |
| Lowest pH within first 12 h after birth, median (IQR) | 7.14 (6.99–7.34) | 6.99 (6.78–7.23) | 0.06 |
| Neonatal seizures, n (%) | 0.78 | ||
| No | 5 (17.9) | 5 (22.7) | |
| Yes, subclinical | 5 (17.9) | 5 (22.7) | |
| Yes, clinical | 18 (64.3) | 12 (54.5) | |
| Neonatal worst aEEG background pattern, n (%) | 0.05 | ||
| Normal (continuous normal voltage (+ sleep wake cycling), discontinuous low voltage) | 9 (75) | 6 (38) | |
| Abnormal (Burst suppression, continuous low voltage, flat trace) | 3 (25) | 10 (63) | |
| Neonatal MRI, n (%) | 0.01* | ||
| No | 7 (25) | 0 (0) | |
| Yes | 21 (75) | 22 (100) | |
| Postnatal age at MRI in days, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (4–8) | 0.004* |
| Total neonatal MRI score (total cohort), median (IQR) | 8 (4.5–17.5) | 4 (0–11) | 0.03* |
| Total neonatal MRI score (Utrecht), median (IQR) | 8.5 (6.5–19.0) | 2.0 (0.0–12.5) | 0.01* |
| Education mother**, median (IQR) | 6 (5–6) | 6 (5–6) | 0.82 |
| Education father**, median (IQR) | 5 (5–6) | 5 (5–6) | 0.69 |
| Age at follow-up study in months, median (IQR) | 126 (125–127) | 125 (123.8–127) | 0.12 |
| Weight in kg at 10 years of age, median (IQR) | 34.8 (31.0–40.8) | 38.4 (34.3–44.9) | 0.14 |
| Length in cm at 10 years of age, median (IQR) | 145.0 (141.3–148.0) | 146.0 (142.1–149.5) | 0.16 |
| Head circumference in cm at 10 years of age, median (IQR) | 53.5 (51.5–54.2) | 54.1 (53.0–54.5) | 0.07 |
| Grade repetition or skipping, n (%) | 0.42 | ||
| No | 21 (75) | 18 (81.8) | |
| Grade repetition | 7 (25) | 3 (13.6) | |
| Grade skipping | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | |
| Epilepsy at 10 years of age, n (%) | 0.41 | ||
| Never | 23 (82.1) | 19 (86.4) | |
| In the past | 3 (10.7) | 2 (9.1) | |
| At present, without medication | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | |
| At present, with medication | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Audiovisual problems at 10 years of age, n (%) | 0.46 | ||
| No | 17 (60.7) | 17 (77.3) | |
| Visual problems | 9 (32.1) | 4 (18.2) | |
| Hearing problems | 2 (7.1) | 1 (4.5) | |
| MRI at 10 years of age, n (%) | 0.20 | ||
| No injury | 8 (33) | 8 (36) | |
| Solitary white matter lesions and/or (focal) thinning of the corpus callosum | 13 (54) | 9 (41) | |
| Watershed injury | 1 (4) | 2 (9) | |
| Deep grey matter injury | 8 (8) | 0 (0) | |
| Focal infarction | 0 (0) | 3 (14) |
*p-value < 0.05.
**SES according to Verhage classification.