Figure 3:

Display of brain circuits (and related constructs) that are emerging as important in the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder (FND). As depicted, FND is a multi-network disorder involving abnormalities within and across brain circuits implicated in self-agency, emotion processing, attention, homeostatic balance, interoception, multimodal integration, and cognitive/motor control among other functions. Circuits are described by their related dysfunction in the pathophysiology of FND. It should also be noted that several areas cut across multiple networks; for example, the dorsal anterior insula is most strongly interconnected with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), while the posterior insula receives afferent projections from the lamina I spinothalamocortical pathway and somatosensory cortices. Similarly, the amygdala is part of both the salience and limbic networks. Prefrontal brain regions are interconnected with striatal-thalamic areas (not shown), and these pathways should also be factored into the neural circuitry of FND. TPJ indicates temporoparietal junction; FEF, frontal eye fields; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; pgACC, perigenual anterior cingulate cortex; sgACC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; AMY, amygdala; HYP, hypothalamus; PAG, periaqueductal gray.