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. 2021 Mar 3;11:5075. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84376-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) TEM image of the CoFe₂O₄ NPs ferrofluid and (b) the probability density size distribution size obtained from TEM images. (c) Magnetization curve measured by VSM on the synthesized ferrofluid with a concentration of CoFe2O4 NPs of 1 vol% and (d) Faraday rotation spectral dependence for the ferrofluid (1 vol%) and for the sol–gel nanocomposite (molar ratio Si/Ti : 6/1, CoFe₂O₄ MNPs: 2.2 vol%). (e) STEM image and EDX analysis of a nanocomposite layer (Energies for single elements maps were chosen as follows: C:0.28 keV, O:0.52 keV, Si:1.74 keV, Ti : 4.51 keV, Co : 6.92 keV, Fe : 6.40 keV).