Table 4.
Impact of vitamin D concentration on JSLE and adult-onset SLE outcomes.
| Author et al., year | Country Type of study | Number of participants, F:M, Age | Disease duration | Impact on disease outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult-onset SLE | ||||
| Amital et al., 2010 (99) | Several European and Israeli cohorts Cross-sectional |
378 SLE patients 11.1:1 Age – N/A |
N/A | Negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and SLEDAI and ECLAM scores (r = −0.12, p = 0.018) |
| Borba et al., 2009 (88) | Brazil Cross-sectional |
36 SLE patients 26 controls All females 29.6 ± 8.8 - patients 30.0 ± 7.0 - controls |
N/A | Multiple regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D levels associated with SLEDAI (r = -0.58). 60% of 25(OH)D variation was attributed to SLEDAI. |
| Mok et al., 2012 (89) | China Cross-sectional |
290 SLE patients 17.1:1 38.9 ± 13.1 |
7.7 ± 6.7 years | 25(OH)D levels significantly inversely correlated with SLEDAI (β = -0.19; p = 0.003) |
| Yap et al., 2015 (100) | Australia Prospective cohort study 12 months |
119 SLE patients 5.3:1 42.2 ± 14.8 |
8.7 ± 7.1 years | 25(OH)D levels significantly inversely correlated with SLEDAI-2K (β = -1.1, p = 0.01). Over 12 months, an increase in vitamin D levels was associated with reduced disease activity. |
| Sun et al., 2019 (101) | China Cross-sectional |
95 SLE patients; 40 controls; 8:1 31.54 ± 11.52 patients 31.20 ± 12.97 controls |
N/A | 25(OH)D was significantly lower in active SLE patients compared to inactive SLE patients (p < 0.01) which was significantly lower than controls (p < 0.01). |
| Stockton et al., 2012 (102) | Australia Cross-sectional |
24 SLE patients, 21 controls, all women 39.6 ± 11.4 patients 40.9 ± 13.3 controls |
N/A | Fatigue scores were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) and muscle group strengths were significantly lower in SLE patients than controls. However, no correlation between fatigue and 25(OH)D levels. |
| Ruiz-irastorza et al., 2008 (87) | Spain Cross-sectional |
92 SLE patients 9.2:1 41 ± 18 |
7 (0–30) years | Patients with 25(OH)D levels <10 ng/ml had higher but insignificant fatigue scores than those with >10 ng/ml. No correlation between fatigue and 25(OH)D levels. |
| JSLE | ||||
| Stagi et al., 2014 (94) | Italy Cross-sectional |
45 JSLE patients 109 controls; 4:1 18.9 ± 6.3 patients 17.7 ± 7.4 controls |
N/A | Patients with active disease had lower 25(OH)D than those with inactive disease. |
ECLAM score, European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement score; JSLE, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; SLEDAI 2K, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 developed as a modification of SLEDAI in order to include persistent, active disease in those descriptors that had previously only considered new or recurrent occurrences; N/A, not available; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D.