Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of cases and controls.
| NGR-T2D | Control 1 | P# value | NGR-PreD | Control 2 | P# value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 30 | n = 30 | n = 33 | n = 33 | |||
| Age (years) | 56.1± 7.93 | 52.6 ± 8.81 | 0.115 | 58.7 ± 11.25 | 57.1 ± 10.70 | 0.573 |
| Gender (male:female) | 12:18 | 12:18 | 1.000 | 11:22 | 11:22 | 1.000 |
| Height (cm) | 160 ± 7.6 | 162 ± 9.0 | 0.227 | 161 ± 8.9 | 160 ± 7.2 | 0.858 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.5 ± 10.22 | 66.3 ± 11.00 | 0.528 | 62.6 ± 12.14 | 63.7 ± 8.84 | 0.671 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.05 | 25.1 ± 3.32 | 0.870 | 24.1 ± 3.17 | 24.8 ± 3.29 | 0.383 |
| Waist (cm) | 87.6 ± 8.14 | 83.6 ± 11.15 | 0.125 | 88.2 ± 11.60 | 82.1 ± 7.77 | 0.015 |
| Smoking history (yes:no) | 5:16 | 8:18 | 0.746 | 6:18 | 6:21 | 1.000 |
| Hypertension (n) | 7 | 5 | 0.748 | 2 | 5 | 0.258 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 3.96 ± 0.787 | 4.15 ± 0.742 | 0.362 | 4.19 ± 0.763 | 4.02 ± 0.812 | 0.386 |
| 2h PG (mmol/L) | 5.61 ± 1.020 | 5.44 ± 1.050 | 0.537 | 5.45 ± 1.240 | 5.55 ± 1.250 | 0.747 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.73 ± 1.093 | 4.40 ± 0.925 | 0.220 | 4.44 ± 0.874 | 4.39 ± 0.822 | 0.816 |
| TG, mmol/L | 2.12 ± 1.886 | 1.48 ± 0.717 | 0.094 | 1.54 ± 1.077 | 1.40 ± 0.754 | 0.562 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.24 ± 0.302 | 1.19 ± 0.296 | 0.512 | 1.28 ± 0.292 | 1.26 ± 0.255 | 0.707 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.79 ± 0.901 | 2.67 ± 0.787 | 0.573 | 2.65 ± 0.894 | 2.65 ± 0.707 | 0.984 |
| ALT, U/L | 22.5 ± 8.77 | 22.8 ± 11.95 | 0.913 | 23.7 ± 15.45 | 28.0 ± 31.38 | 0.485 |
| AST, U/L | 21.7± 4.34 | 19.8 ± 4.37 | 0.098 | 22.8 ± 8.72 | 24.7 ± 12.11 | 0.473 |
| UA, mmol/L | 227 ± 78.7 | 246 ± 66.9 | 0.332 | 220 ± 71.8 | 219 ± 70.8 | 0.968 |
| Follow-FPG (mmol/L) | 8.12 ± 2.815 | 4.88 ± 0.630 | <0.001 | 5.19 ± 0.699 | 4.89 ± 0.588 | 0.064 |
| Follow-2h PG (mmol/L) | 15.78 ± 4.270 | 5.78 ± 1.003 | <0.001 | 9.27 ± 0.931 | 6.08 ± 1.056 | <0.001 |
| Follow-TC, mmol/L | 5.40 ± 1.305 | 4.99 ± 0.943 | 0.171 | 4.89 ± 1.049 | 5.00 ± 0.831 | 0.630 |
| Follow-TG, mmol/L | 1.99 ± 0.966 | 1.48 ± 0.653 | 0.022* | 1.76 ± 0.954 | 1.25 ± 0.695 | 0.015 |
| Follow-HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.24 ± 0.225 | 1.27 ± 0.254 | 0.626 | 1.30 ± 0.309 | 1.43 ± 0.324 | 0.106 |
| Follow-LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.56 ± 1.194 | 3.14 ± 0.588 | 0.096 | 3.03 ± 0.900 | 3.10 ± 0.698 | 0.725 |
| Follow-ALT, U/L | 31.5 ± 17.60 | 28.4 ± 16.50 | 0.480 | 31.2 ± 28.00 | 38.7 ± 62.40 | 0.536 |
| Follow-AST, U/L | 24.5 ± 8.47 | 24.5 ± 6.60 | 0.986 | 25.6 ± 11.66 | 30.5 ± 29.81 | 0.383 |
| Follow-UA, mmol/L | 5.96 ± 2.059 | 4.98 ± 0.976 | 0.139 | 6.24 ± 1.732 | 6.09 ± 1.594 | 0.795 |
| Family history of diabetes (n) | 13 | 3 | 0.007 | 4 | 2 | 0.672 |
| Family history of hypertension (n) | 16 | 12 | 0.438 | 18 | 14 | 0.460 |
| Family history of hyperlipemia (n) | 5 | 3 | 0.706 | 6 | 5 | 1.000 |
| Family history of hyperuricemia or gout (n) | 1 | – | 1.000 | – | – | 1.000 |
| Family history of CHD (n) | 7 | 5 | 0.748 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction (n) | 6 | 3 | 0.472 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
| Family history of stroke (n) | 3 | 5 | 0.706 | 3 | 5 | 0.475 |
| Family history of heart failure (n) | 1 | – | 0.492 | – | – | 1.000 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n. Student’s t test for continuous variables, Mann–Whitney U test for abnormally distributed data, and chi-square test for categorical variables.
P#: NGR-T2D vs. control 1; P##: NGR-PreD vs. control 2.
NGR-T2D: participants had normal glucose regulation at stool collected, and they developed T2D in the follow-up.
NGR-PreD: participants had normal glucose regulation at stool collected, and they developed prediabetes in the follow-up.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2h PG, plasma glucose 2h after oral glucose tolerance test; TC, total cholesterol; UA, uric acid; follow-, following up for 4 years.