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VA metabolic and signaling systems in cells. Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are three derivatives of VA. Each molecule has a cis and trans configuration, and the most active form is retinol. Retinol has 6 biologically active isoforms: all-trans, 11-cis, 13-cis, 9,13-di-cis, 9-cis, and 11,13-di-cis, with all-trans being the predominant form [21]. In cells, retinol can be converted to RA which regulates multiple nucleus transcription by activating the RXR-RAR, RXR-PPAR, STAT 3/5.
