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. 2021 Feb 18;11:549928. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.549928

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Copyright © 2021 Herting, Uban, Gonzalez, Baker, Kan, Thompson, Granger, Albaugh, Anokhin, Bagot, Banich, Barch, Baskin-Sommers, Breslin, Casey, Chaarani, Chang, Clark, Cloak, Constable, Cottler, Dagher, Dapretto, Dick, Dosenbach, Dowling, Dumas, Edwards, Ernst, Fair, Feldstein-Ewing, Freedman, Fuemmeler, Garavan, Gee, Giedd, Glaser, Goldstone, Gray, Hawes, Heath, Heitzeg, Hewitt, Heyser, Hoffman, Huber, Huestis, Hyde, Infante, Ivanova, Jacobus, Jernigan, Karcher, Laird, LeBlanc, Lisdahl, Luciana, Luna, Maes, Marshall, Mason, McGlade, Morris, Nagel, Neigh, Palmer, Paulus, Potter, Puttler, Rajapakse, Rapuano, Reeves, Renshaw, Schirda, Sher, Sheth, Shilling, Squeglia, Sutherland, Tapert, Tomko, Yurgelun-Todd, Wade, Weiss, Zucker and Sowell

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Latent factors and sociodemographic characteristics. Plots show individual scores (lighter, smaller colored shapes) as well as group-means (darker, larger colored shapes) of latent factor 1 (LF 1) and latent factor 2 (LF 2) in females and males by weight status (A, B), race/ethnicity (C, D), highest parental education (E, F), and household income (G, H). Opposite of each axis shows the marginal density plot of each latent factor as a function of each sociodemographic measure. Group differences in pubertal maturation is apparent after integrating hormone levels and physical features using individual latent factors, with more advanced pubertal maturation seen (higher LF 1 and LF 2 scores) for overweight/obese versus underweight/healthy weight (A, B) as well as Black versus White, Hispanic, Asian, and Other (multi-race) (C, D) with larger effects seen in females as compared to males.