Table 6.
Sociodemographic differences in hormone levels.
| Smoothed Terms | A) DHEA (pg/mL) | B) Testosterone (pg/mL) | C) Estradiol (pg/mL; females only) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| edf | p | edf | p | edf | p | ||||||||||
| s(age): Males | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | -- | -- | |||||||||
| s(age): Females | 1.74 | <0.001 | 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.0 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Main Effects | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | ||||||
| Female (vs. Male) | 25.87 | 12.636 | – | 39.101 | <0.001 | 4.54 | -0.222 | – | 9.291 | 0.06 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Underweight (vs. Healthy Weight) | -6.56 | -16.915 | – | 3.792 | 0.21 | -2.86 | -6.599 | – | 0.884 | 0.13 | 0.01 | -0.115 | – | 0.136 | 0.87 |
| Overweight (vs. Healthy Weight) | 9.87 | 4.487 | – | 15.25 | <0.001 | 3.00 | 1.077 | – | 4.931 | 0.002 | 0.03 | -0.033 | – | 0.100 | 0.32 |
| Obese (vs. Healthy Weight) | 24.39 | 19.014 | – | 29.774 | <0.001 | 5.60 | 3.655 | – | 7.534 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.002 | – | 0.136 | 0.04 |
| White (vs. Hispanic) | -4.78 | -10.791 | – | 1.230 | 0.12 | -0.09 | -2.283 | – | 2.102 | 0.94 | -0.06 | -0.134 | – | 0.017 | 0.13 |
| Black (vs. Hispanic) | 14.93 | 7.044 | – | 22.81 | <0.001 | 5.99 | 3.081 | – | 8.898 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.013 | – | 0.203 | 0.03 |
| Asian (vs. Hispanic) | 3.64 | -9.824 | – | 17.103 | 0.60 | 0.56 | -4.300 | – | 5.422 | 0.82 | -0.04 | -0.202 | – | 0.115 | 0.59 |
| Other (vs. Hispanic) | -5.50 | -13.522 | – | 2.526 | 0.18 | 0.50 | -2.428 | – | 3.425 | 0.74 | 0.03 | -0.065 | – | 0.129 | 0.52 |
| <HS Diploma (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | 1.78 | -10.753 | – | 14.311 | 0.78 | 2.67 | -1.850 | – | 7.180 | 0.25 | 0.00 | -0.146 | – | 0.143 | 0.98 |
| Some College (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -7.13 | -15.085 | – | 0.823 | 0.08 | -2.92 | -5.797 | – | -0.045 | 0.05 | 0.03 | -0.069 | – | 0.134 | 0.53 |
| Bachelor's (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -3.89 | -12.577 | – | 4.803 | 0.38 | -2.37 | -5.512 | – | 0.779 | 0.14 | 0.10 | -0.008 | – | 0.210 | 0.07 |
| Post Graduate Degree (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -1.78 | -10.626 | – | 7.072 | 0.69 | -2.12 | -5.308 | – | 1.074 | 0.19 | 0.11 | -0.003 | – | 0.222 | 0.06 |
| Household Income <50K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) | -1.70 | -7.657 | – | 4.253 | 0.58 | 0.33 | -1.833 | – | 2.486 | 0.77 | 0.07 | -0.001 | – | 0.141 | 0.05 |
| Household Income ≥100K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) | -0.66 | -5.747 | – | 4.423 | 0.80 | -0.64 | -2.480 | – | 1.209 | 0.50 | 0.03 | -0.035 | – | 0.086 | 0.41 |
| Interactions | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | ||||||
| Female: Underweight (vs. Healthy Weight) | -1.52 | -16.552 | – | 13.517 | 0.84 | 0.97 | -4.421 | – | 6.360 | 0.72 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Overweight (vs. Healthy Weight) | 1.07 | -6.811 | – | 8.940 | 0.79 | -0.39 | -3.221 | – | 2.443 | 0.79 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Obese (vs. Healthy Weight) | -3.21 | -11.105 | – | 4.677 | 0.43 | -0.98 | -3.823 | – | 1.873 | 0.50 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: White (vs. Hispanic) | -5.22 | -13.241 | – | 2.799 | 0.20 | -1.40 | -4.292 | – | 1.485 | 0.34 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Black (vs. Hispanic) | 6.09 | -4.494 | – | 16.671 | 0.26 | 3.63 | -0.192 | – | 7.459 | 0.06 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Asian (vs. Hispanic) | 0.01 | -18.638 | – | 18.664 | 1.00 | 5.82 | -0.842 | – | 12.481 | 0.09 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Other (vs. Hispanic) | -2.34 | -13.409 | – | 8.729 | 0.68 | -1.06 | -5.060 | – | 2.939 | 0.60 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: <HS Diploma (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -15.11 | -32.626 | – | 2.404 | 0.09 | -4.35 | -10.695 | – | 1.998 | 0.18 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Some College (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -3.47 | -15.171 | – | 8.240 | 0.56 | 1.04 | -3.173 | – | 5.247 | 0.63 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Bachelor's (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -8.02 | -20.662 | – | 4.621 | 0.21 | 0.11 | -4.454 | – | 4.676 | 0.96 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Post Graduate Degree (vs. HS Diploma/GED) | -12.18 | -25.105 | – | 0.741 | 0.07 | -1.29 | -5.950 | – | 3.361 | 0.59 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Household Income <50K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) | 4.47 | -3.928 | – | 12.86 | 0.30 | -0.32 | -3.362 | – | 2.716 | 0.84 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Female: Household Income ≥100K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) | 6.70 | -0.463 | – | 13.858 | 0.07 | 1.48 | -1.111 | – | 4.067 | 0.26 | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Covariates | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | b | CI | p | ||||||
| Caffeine in Past 12 hours (Yes) | -3.09 | -8.913 | – | 2.741 | 0.30 | -1.04 | -3.142 | – | 1.058 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.01 | – | 0.21 | 0.03 |
| Physically active in Past 12 hours (Yes) | 0.58 | -3.761 | – | 4.914 | 0.79 | -1.14 | -2.699 | – | 0.410 | 0.15 | 0.07 | -0.002 | – | 0.141 | 0.06 |
| Since Midnight in minutes | -0.01 | -0.017 | – | 0.001 | 0.08 | -0.003 | -0.007 | – | -0.0002 | 0.04 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | – | 0.0005 | <0.001 |
| Collection Duration in minutes | 0.61 | 0.357 | – | 0.866 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.160 | – | 0.342 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.003 | – | 0.011 | 0.001 |
| Time to Freeze sample in minutes | -0.02 | -0.129 | – | 0.100 | 0.80 | -0.02 | -0.065 | – | 0.017 | 0.25 | 0.00 | -0.002 | – | 0.001 | 0.64 |
| Observations | 4455 | 4349 | 1908 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
Each column reflects models including all variables by which the dependent variable is A) DHEA, B) Testosterone, C) Estradiol. Effective Degrees of Freedom (edf) for smoothed effects of age and unstandardized beta (b) coefficients, confidence intervals (CI), and p-values for each fixed effect in the model. Bold denotes significant values for p <0.05. Abbreviations: HS, High school; GED, General Education Development. Income binned into a numerically coded factor representing low (<$50k), middle ($50–$100k) and high (≥$100k) income.