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. 2021 Feb 18;11:549928. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.549928

Table 6.

Sociodemographic differences in hormone levels.

Smoothed Terms A) DHEA (pg/mL) B) Testosterone (pg/mL) C) Estradiol (pg/mL; females only)
edf p edf p edf p
s(age): Males 1.0 <0.001 1.0 <0.001 -- --
s(age): Females 1.74 <0.001 1.33 <0.001 1.0 <0.001
Main Effects b   CI   p b   CI   p b   CI   p
Female (vs. Male) 25.87 12.636  39.101 <0.001 4.54 -0.222   9.291 0.06 -- -- --
Underweight (vs. Healthy Weight) -6.56 -16.915  3.792 0.21 -2.86 -6.599   0.884 0.13 0.01 -0.115   0.136 0.87
Overweight (vs. Healthy Weight) 9.87 4.487  15.25 <0.001 3.00 1.077   4.931 0.002 0.03 -0.033   0.100 0.32
Obese (vs. Healthy Weight) 24.39 19.014  29.774 <0.001 5.60 3.655   7.534 <0.001 0.07 0.002   0.136 0.04
White (vs. Hispanic) -4.78 -10.791  1.230 0.12 -0.09 -2.283   2.102 0.94 -0.06 -0.134   0.017 0.13
Black (vs. Hispanic) 14.93 7.044  22.81 <0.001 5.99 3.081   8.898 <0.001 0.11 0.013   0.203 0.03
Asian (vs. Hispanic) 3.64 -9.824  17.103 0.60 0.56 -4.300   5.422 0.82 -0.04 -0.202   0.115 0.59
Other (vs. Hispanic) -5.50 -13.522  2.526 0.18 0.50 -2.428   3.425 0.74 0.03 -0.065   0.129 0.52
<HS Diploma (vs. HS Diploma/GED) 1.78 -10.753 14.311 0.78 2.67 -1.850   7.180 0.25 0.00 -0.146   0.143 0.98
Some College (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -7.13 -15.085  0.823 0.08 -2.92 -5.797  -0.045 0.05 0.03 -0.069   0.134 0.53
Bachelor's (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -3.89 -12.577  4.803 0.38 -2.37 -5.512   0.779 0.14 0.10 -0.008   0.210 0.07
Post Graduate Degree (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -1.78 -10.626  7.072 0.69 -2.12 -5.308   1.074 0.19 0.11 -0.003   0.222 0.06
Household Income <50K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) -1.70 -7.657   4.253 0.58 0.33 -1.833   2.486 0.77 0.07 -0.001   0.141 0.05
Household Income ≥100K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) -0.66 -5.747   4.423 0.80 -0.64 -2.480   1.209 0.50 0.03 -0.035   0.086 0.41
Interactions b CI p b CI p b CI p
Female: Underweight (vs. Healthy Weight) -1.52 -16.552 13.517 0.84 0.97 -4.421   6.360 0.72 -- -- --
Female: Overweight (vs. Healthy Weight) 1.07 -6.811   8.940 0.79 -0.39 -3.221   2.443 0.79 -- -- --
Female: Obese (vs. Healthy Weight) -3.21 -11.105  4.677 0.43 -0.98 -3.823   1.873 0.50 -- -- --
Female: White (vs. Hispanic) -5.22 -13.241  2.799 0.20 -1.40 -4.292   1.485 0.34 -- -- --
Female: Black (vs. Hispanic) 6.09 -4.494  16.671 0.26 3.63 -0.192   7.459 0.06 -- -- --
Female: Asian (vs. Hispanic) 0.01 -18.638 18.664 1.00 5.82 -0.842  12.481 0.09 -- -- --
Female: Other (vs. Hispanic) -2.34 -13.409  8.729 0.68 -1.06 -5.060   2.939 0.60 -- -- --
Female: <HS Diploma (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -15.11 -32.626  2.404 0.09 -4.35 -10.695  1.998 0.18 -- -- --
Female: Some College (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -3.47 -15.171  8.240 0.56 1.04 -3.173   5.247 0.63 -- -- --
Female: Bachelor's (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -8.02 -20.662  4.621 0.21 0.11 -4.454   4.676 0.96 -- -- --
Female: Post Graduate Degree (vs. HS Diploma/GED) -12.18 -25.105  0.741 0.07 -1.29 -5.950   3.361 0.59 -- -- --
Female: Household Income <50K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) 4.47 -3.928  12.86 0.30 -0.32 -3.362   2.716 0.84 -- -- --
Female: Household Income ≥100K (vs. ≥50K & <100K) 6.70 -0.463  13.858 0.07 1.48 -1.111   4.067 0.26 -- -- --
Covariates b CI p b CI p b CI p
Caffeine in Past 12 hours (Yes) -3.09 -8.913   2.741 0.30 -1.04 -3.142   1.058 0.33 0.11 0.01   0.21 0.03
Physically active in Past 12 hours (Yes) 0.58 -3.761   4.914 0.79 -1.14 -2.699   0.410 0.15 0.07 -0.002   0.141 0.06
Since Midnight in minutes -0.01 -0.017   0.001 0.08 -0.003 -0.007  -0.0002 0.04 0.0003 0.0002  0.0005 <0.001
Collection Duration in minutes 0.61 0.357   0.866 <0.001 0.25 0.160   0.342 <0.001 0.01 0.003   0.011 0.001
Time to Freeze sample in minutes -0.02 -0.129   0.100 0.80 -0.02 -0.065   0.017 0.25 0.00 -0.002   0.001 0.64
Observations 4455 4349 1908
Adjusted R2   0.21     0.18     0.10  

Each column reflects models including all variables by which the dependent variable is A) DHEA, B) Testosterone, C) Estradiol. Effective Degrees of Freedom (edf) for smoothed effects of age and unstandardized beta (b) coefficients, confidence intervals (CI), and p-values for each fixed effect in the model. Bold denotes significant values for p <0.05. Abbreviations: HS, High school; GED, General Education Development. Income binned into a numerically coded factor representing low (<$50k), middle ($50–$100k) and high (≥$100k) income.