Table 2.

Perioperative complications and long-term outcomes among different treatment modalities in the elderly AVMs.

Characteristics	Conservation (n = 21)	Microsurgery (n = 30)	Embolization (n = 13)	SRS (n = 7)	p-value
Perioperative complications	NA	18 (60.0)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	<0.001*
Intracranial hemorrhage	NA	4 (13.3)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	0.374
Epilepsy	NA	1 (3.3)	1 (7.7)	0 (0.0)	0.614
New-onset neurofunctional deficit	NA	6 (20.0)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	0.249
Wound infection	NA	2 (6.7)	1 (7.7)	0 (0.0)	0.622
Intracranial infection	NA	7 (23.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.019*
Lung infection	NA	5 (16.7)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	0.317
MACEs	NA	2 (6.7)	1 (7.7)	0 (0.0)	0.622
DVT	NA	6 (20.0)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	0.249
Electrolyte disturbance	NA	7 (23.3)	2 (15.4)	0 (0.0)	0.184
Discharge mRS	0.9 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 1.4	1.7 ± 1.7	0.6 ± 0.5	0.031*
Follow-up duration (years)	4.3 ± 2.3	4.3 ± 2.6	3.5 ± 1.9	4.5 ± 1.3	0.695
Obliteration	0 (0.0)	28 (93.3)	1 (7.7)	3 (42.9)	<0.001*
Long-term mRS score	1.7 ± 2.3	2.1 ± 2.2	2.2 ± 2.3	1.1 ± 2.3	0.721
Neurological disability (mRS > 2)	4 (19.0)	11 (36.7)	4 (30.8)	1 (14.3)	0.431
Worsened mRS	4 (19.0)	7 (23.3)	5 (38.5)	2 (28.6)	0.648
No. of subsequent hemorrhage	4	1	0	0	0.073
Annualized rupture riska	4.4%	0.8%	0.0%	0.0%
Death	4 (19.0)	4 (13.3)	3 (23.1)	1 (14.3)	0.870
Annualized mortality (all causes)	4.4%	3.1%	6.6%	3.2%
Annualized mortality (AVM-related)	3.3%	0.8%	0.0%	3.2%
Annualized mortality (treatment-related)	NA	2.3%	4.4%	0.0%
Annualized mortality (other causes)	1.1%	0.0%	2.2%	0.0%

AVM, Arteriovenous Malformation; DVT, Deep Vein Thrombosis; MACE, Major Adverse Cardiac Events; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SM grade, Spetzler-Martin grade; SRS, Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Values are expressed as number of cases (%) or mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.

^aPoisson rate test of annualized rupture risk for conservation and intervention during follow-up is significant (p = 0.040).

^*Statistical significance (p < 0.05).