Table 2. Multivariable Logistic Regression for Clinical and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Smoking at the Time of Surgery.
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Female | 0.79 (0.77-0.80) | <.001 |
| Age, y | ||
| <45 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 45-64 | 0.79 (0.77-0.81) | <.001 |
| ≥65 | 0.22 (0.21-0.23) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Black | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | .90 |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 1.44 (1.26-1.64) | <.001 |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.52 (0.35-0.77) | .001 |
| Asian | 0.35 (0.31-0.41) | <.001 |
| Unknown | 0.72 (0.69-0.76) | <.001 |
| Insurance type | ||
| Private | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Medicaid | 2.75 (2.69-2.82) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 1.48 (1.43-1.53) | <.001 |
| Uninsured | 2.21 (2.10-2.33) | <.001 |
| Other | 1.32 (1.25-1.39) | <.001 |
| Region | ||
| Metropolitan Detroit | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Upper peninsula | 1.06 (0.99-1.13) | .09 |
| Northwest | 1.05 (1.00-1.10) | .03 |
| Northeast | 1.20 (1.15-1.27) | <.001 |
| West | 0.91 (0.88-0.93) | <.001 |
| East central | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | .87 |
| East | 1.13 (1.10-1.16) | <.001 |
| South central | 0.91 (0.86-0.95) | <.001 |
| Southwest | 0.98 (0.95-1.01) | .24 |
| Southeast | 0.90 (0.87-0.93) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 0.81 (0.79-0.83) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.71 (0.69-0.73) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.82 (0.74-0.92) | <.001 |
| COPD | 2.83 (2.73-2.92) | <.001 |
| Chronic steroid use | 0.69 (0.66-0.73) | <.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 0.77 (0.75-0.79) | <.001 |
| ASA classification, class | ||
| 1 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2 | 4.07 (3.89-4.26) | <.001 |
| 3 | 5.18 (4.93-5.44) | <.001 |
| 4 | 4.84 (4.54-5.16) | <.001 |
| 5 | 4.90 (4.04-5.93) | <.001 |
| Admission status | ||
| Inpatient | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Ambulatory | 1.15 (1.13-1.18) | <.001 |
| Surgical priority | ||
| Elective | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Urgent or emergent | 1.16 (1.13-1.20) | <.001 |
| Procedure type | ||
| Cholecystectomy | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Appendectomy | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | <.001 |
| Colon procedures | 1.35 (1.30-1.40) | <.001 |
| Gastric or esophageal procedures | 0.97 (0.92-1.02) | .28 |
| HPB procedures | 1.26 (1.15-1.38) | <.001 |
| Hernia repair | 1.20 (1.16-1.23) | <.001 |
| Small-bowel procedures | 1.17 (1.11-1.24) | <.001 |
| Hysterectomy | 1.16 (1.12-1.20) | <.001 |
| Vascular procedures | 3.24 (3.11-3.38) | <.001 |
| Thyroidectomy | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | .31 |
| Other abdominal procedures | 1.43 (1.27-1.63) | <.001 |
| Year | ||
| 2012 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2013 | 0.94 (0.90-0.99) | .01 |
| 2014 | 0.92 (0.88-0.96) | <.001 |
| 2015 | 0.91 (0.87-0.95) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 0.87 (0.83-0.91) | <.001 |
| 2017 | 0.85 (0.81-0.89) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 0.82 (0.79-0.86) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 0.78 (0.74-0.81) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HPB, hepatopancreatobiliary; OR, odds ratio; NA, not applicable.