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. 2021 Jan 28;3(1):132–178. doi: 10.3390/clockssleep3010009

Table 1.

Associations between common chronic diseases and chronic disease risk factors (biomedical and behavioural).

Biomedical Risk Factors Behavioural Risk Factors
Common Chronic Disease High Blood Pressure Obesity Dyslipidaemia Abnormal Glucose Tobacco Smoking Insufficient Physical Activity Excessive Alcohol Consumption Poor Nutritional Intake
Cardiovascular disease

  •  

  •  

  •  

  •  

  •  

  •  
  • -

     

  •  
Stroke

  •  

  •  

  •  

 -

  •  

  •  

  •  
  • -

     
Type 2 diabetes
  • -

     

  •  

 -

  •  

  •  

  •  
  • -

     

  •  
Colorectal cancer
  • -

     

  •  

 - -

  •  
  • -

     

  •  

  •  
Osteoporosis
  • -

     
  • -

     

 -
  • -

     

  •  

  •  

  •  

  •  
Breast cancer (in females)
  • -

     

  •  

 - - -
  • -

     

  •  
  • -

     
Chronic kidney disease

  •  

  •  

 - -

  •  
  • -

     
  • -

     
  • -

     

Note. Adapted with permission from AIHW material [31]. Shaded square with dot, indicates a direct association between risk factor and chronic disease. Non-shaded squares indicate insufficient evidence of direct relationship; however, an indirect relationship may exist.