Table 1.
Baseline cohort characteristics including univariate logistic regression analyses and associated p values. Odds ratios are stated per 1 unit increase in the independent variable unless otherwise stated.
| N | Cohort (316) | Survived (231) | Died (84) | Univariate ORdeath (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 316 | 75 (60–83) | 69 (56–80) | 82 (76–89) | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 316 | 173 (54.7) | 124 (53.6) | 48 (57.1) | 1.15 (0.70–1.91) | 0.585 |
| Fever | 316 | 211 (66.8) | 165 (71.4) | 46 (54.8) | 0.48 (0.29–0.81) | 0.006 |
| Cough | 316 | 224 (70.9) | 169 (73.2) | 55 (65.5) | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | 0.184 |
| Sputum | 316 | 76 (24.1) | 63 (27.3) | 13 (15.5) | 0.49 (0.24–0.92) | 0.033 |
| Breathlessness | 316 | 197 (62.3) | 136 (58.9) | 61 (72.6) | 1.85 (1.08–3.25) | 0.027 |
| Any comorbidity a | 316 | 250 (79.1) | 171 (74.0) | 78 (92.9) | 4.56 (2.03–12.2) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory comorbidity b | 316 | 101 (32.0) | 78 (33.8) | 23 (27.4) | 0.74 (0.42–1.27) | 0.284 |
| Immunosuppression c | 316 | 27 (8.5) | 17 (7.4) | 9 (10.7) | 1.51 (0.62–3.46) | 0.341 |
| Dementia | 316 | 55 (17.4) | 29 (12.6) | 26 (31.0) | 3.12 (1.70–5.73) | <0.001 |
| Healthcare worker | 316 | 27 (8.5) | 27 (11.7) | 0 (0) | na | na |
| Admitted from nursing or residential home | 316 | 60 (19.0) | 27 (11.7) | 33 (39.3) | 4.89 (2.71–8.92) | <0.001 |
| Clinical frailty score | 311 | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) | 6 (4–7) | 1.61 (1.40–1.87) | <0.001 |
| Severe COVID-19 | 308 | 174/308 (56.5%) | 85/225 (37.8) | 51/83 (61.4) | 2.62 (1.57–4.44) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (115–165 g/L) | 310 | 134 (115–145) | 135 (117–145) | 130 (115–145) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) f | 0.390 |
| Lymphocytes (1–4 × 109/L) | 311 | 0.88 (0.64–1.32) | 0.92 (0.65–1.33) | 0.82 (0.62–1.32) | 0.99 (0.87–1.07) | 0.882 |
| Neutrophils (2–7 × 109/L) | 311 | 5.30 (3.70–7.48) | 5.01 (3.54–7.09) | 7.24 (4.37–9.30) | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (>90 mL/min.1.73 m2) | 307 | 68 (44–89) | 76 (53–>90) | 52 (32–74) | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) g | <0.001 |
| CRP (<5 mg/L) | 306 | 72 (30–131) | 65 (23–119) | 90 (50–176) | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) f | 0.007 |
| Hypoxia d | 308 | 192/308 (62.3) | 129/225 (57.3) | 63/83 (75.9) | 2.75 (1.64–4.64) | <0.001 |
| Definite COVID-19 on baseline CXR | 303 | 121/303 (39.9) | 88/219 (40.2) | 32/83 (38.6) | 0.93 (0.55–1.56) | 0.796 |
| CURB65 score e | 299 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2.20 (1.67–2.95) | <0.001 |
Data are median (IQR: interquartile range) for continuous variables, and n (%) (or n/N (%)) for categorical variables. Local laboratory normal ranges for blood tests are shown in parentheses. a Presence of at least one of respiratory comorbidity, heart failure, diabetes, active cancer or immunosuppression. b Defined as at least one of: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, home nebuliser/oxygen/non-invasive pressure support. c Defined as at least one of: immunodeficiency syndrome, maintenance steroids (prednisolone ≥ 5 mg/day, hydrocortisone ≥ 15 mg/day, any dose dexamethasone); conventional synthetic immunosuppressive drugs (excluding hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine); biologics; Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors; cytotoxic chemotherapy within past 6 months. d Defined as oxygen saturations ≤ 94% on room air, or any use of supplemental oxygen. e CURB65 with 1 point each for confusion, urea > 7, respiratory rate > 30, systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or 60 mmHg diastolic, and age ≥ 65. f OR stated per 10 unit increase in haemoglobin/CRP. g OR stated per 5 unit increase in eGFR. CRP: C-reactive protein, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CXR: chest x-ray, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, IQR: interquartile range, N: total number of measurements for each variable for the entire cohort, OR: odds ratio.