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Recurrent epithelial injury leads to chronic activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Wingless/Integrase-1 (Wnt) signalling cascades. The activation of TGF-β1 can suppress negative regulators of the Wnt pathway and ultimately activate Wnt signalling. Activation of Wnt signalling also propagates TGF-β1 signalling. This, coupled with chronic epithelial damage, further drives this cycle to result in pathological, unresolving wound healing. DKK1: Dickkopf-1
