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. 2021 Mar 4;12(1):27–40. doi: 10.1007/s13167-021-00237-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Molecular mechanisms and factors associated with mitochondrial impairments in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. ADAM10, a disintegrin and 71 metalloprotease 10; APP, amyloid precursor protein; PSEN1, presenilin 1; PSEN2, presenilin 2; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; ETC, electron transport chain; DJ1, parkin-associated protein involved with oxidative stress; HTRA2, serine peptidase 2; PD, Parkinson’s disease; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PINK1, putative serine threonine kinase; CytC, cytochrome c; ANT, adenine nucleotide translocator; CyPD, cyclophilin D; NDUFS1, anti-oxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 and complex I subunit; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel; Parkin, E3 ubiquitin ligase; α-syn, α-synuclein; UCH-L1, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1; SH3GL2, SH3 domain containing GRB2 like 2/endophilin A1