Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| N | Total | Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants – n (%) | 625 | 625 (100) | 194 (31.0) | 366 (58.6) | 65 (10.4) | |
| Age | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 625 | 71.7 (11.6) | 65.6 (11.6) | 73.3 (10.6) | 81.1 (7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Range | 33–96 | 34–92 | 33–96 | 58–95 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 625 | 263 (42.1) | 53 (27.3) | 170 (46.4) | 40 (61.5) | < 0.001 |
| Racial category | ||||||
| Caucasian | 624 | 615 (98.6) | 192 (99.5) | 360 (98.4) | 63 (96.9) | 0.117 |
| Education (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 625 | 12.4 (3.8) | 13.7 (3.5) | 12.1 (3.8) | 10.2 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
| Living condition pre-stroke | ||||||
| Own home without home nursing | 625 | 579 (92.6) | 193 (99.5) | 343 (93.7) | 43 (66.2) | < 0.001 |
| Own home with home nursing | 44 (7.0) | 0 (0) | 23 (6.3) | 21 (32.3) | ||
| Living alone | 625 | 207 (32.5) | 42 (21.6) | 125 (34.2) | 36 (55.4) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Previous cerebral stroke, n (%) | 624 | 110 (17.6) | 33 (17.0) | 65 (17.8) | 12 (18.5) | 0.958 |
| Previous TIA, n (%) | 29 (4.6) | 9 (4.5) | 16 (4.4) | 4 (6.2) | 0.820 | |
| Dementia, n (%) | 8 (1.3) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (0.1) | 3 (4.6) | 0.040 | |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 20 (3.2) | 2 (1.0) | 12 (3.3) | 6 (9.2) | 0.005 | |
| COPD, n (%) | 31 (5.0) | 5 (2.6) | 18 (4.9) | 8 (12.3) | 0.008 | |
| Cancer, total, n (%) | 98 (15.7) | 20 (10.4) | 69 (18.8) | 9 (13.8) | 0.029 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 625 | 3.8 (2.0) | 2.9 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.9) | 5.0 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
| mRS – pre-stroke | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 621 | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 2 points, n (%) | 396 (63.8) | 81 (42.0) | 257 (70.4) | 58 (89.2) | ||
| Nottingham EADL – pre-stroke | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 619 | 57.6 (10.4) | 62.0 (5.5) | 57.1 (10.2) | 46.9 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
| GDS - pre-stroke | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 619 | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 64 (10.3) | 3 (1.6) | 41 (11.3) | 20 (30.8) | ||
| Stroke classification | ||||||
| Cerebral infarction | 625 | 574 (91.8) | 182 (93.8) | 331 (90.4) | 61 (93.8) | 0.545 |
| Cerebral haemorrhage | 51 (8.2) | 12 (6.2) | 35 (9.6) | 4 (6.2) | ||
| NIHSS, day 1 | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 611 | 2.8 (4.0) | 1.8 (3.9) | 3.1 (4.0) | 4.0 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| 0–4 points, n (%) | 500 (81.8) | 178 (93.7) | 279 (78.2) | 43 (67.0) | ||
| 5–15 points, n (%) | 99 (16.2) | 9 (4.7) | 69 (19.3) | 21 (32.8) | ||
| 16–20 points, n (%) | 7 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (1.7) | 0 (0) | ||
| > 20 points, n (%) | 5 (0.8) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0) | ||
| MoCA – in-hospital | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 571 | 23.5 (5.0) | 25.4 (3.9) | 23.2 (4.9) | 19.4 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
N is the number of participants with data on the required test or question
All measures are given as n (%) unless otherwise stated
aLinear-by-linear associations for dichotomous variables; Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables;
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, range 0-34p; mRS Modified Rankin Scale, range 0-6p; GDS Global Deterioration Scale; range 0-7p; MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, range 0-30p; Nottingham EADL Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scale, range 0-66p