Algorithm 1.

Overview of protocol implementation

(1) Calibration

(a) Determine the QEF F(CZ) and its power β used for each executed trial.

(b) Fix n—the maximum number of trials.

(2) Randomness accumulation: Run the experiment to acquire up to n trials. After each trial i.

(a) Update the running log2-QEF value $L_i={\sum }_{j=1}^i{\log }_2\left[F\left(c_j{z}_j\right)\right]$, where cj and zj are the observed values of Cj and Zj

(b) If $\left[L_i-{\log }_2\left(2/{ϵ}_{\sigma }^2\right)\right]/\beta \ge \sigma$, smiddle the experiment, set the number of trials actually executed as nact = i, and set the success event P = 1.

(3) Randomness extraction: If P = 1, then extract k random bits with error ϵ.