Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Participants
| Variable | (N = 175) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Mean (SD) | 18 Months Mean (SD) | ||
| Female, n (%) | 84 (48) | … | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 11 (9–13) | 12 (10–14) | <.001 |
| CD4, cell/μl, median (IQR) | 726 (473–935) | 734 (462–989)a | .455 |
| Viral load, copies/ml, median (IQR) | 19 (19–208) | 456 (165–4080)b | <.001 |
| Duration on ART, years, median (IQR) | 4.8 (2.8–6.4) | 6.5 (4.3–8.1) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 110 (11) | 109 (10) | .247 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73 (9) | 72 (9) | .392 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths per min | 21.8 (4.5) | 21.9 (2.3) | .697 |
| Signs and symptoms, n (%) | |||
| Chest pains on exertion | 20 (11) | 5 (3) | <.001 |
| Tachycardia | 10 (6) | 6 (3) | .317 |
| Tachypnoea | 24 (14) | 10 (6) | .013 |
| Hypoxia at rest | 1 (1) | 0 | … |
| Abnormal spirometryc | 37 (24) | 23 (15) | .144 |
| Wasting | 38 (22) | 35 (20) | .106 |
| Stunting | 40 (23) | 39 (22) | .117 |
| Cardiac measures | |||
| RV diameter z score | 0.40 (1.3) | 0.91 (1.1) | <.001 |
| LV diameter z score | 0.49 (1.1) | 0.72 (1.1) | <.001 |
| IVS diameter z score | 0.06 (1.0) | 0.65 (0.8) | <.001 |
| LVPW diameter z score | 0.29 (1.2) | 0.88 (0.9) | <.001 |
| LA diameter z score | 0.36 (1.1) | 0.66 (1.0) | <.001 |
| TAPSE | –0.63 (0.9) | –0.26 (1.0) | <.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 61.7 (6.2) | 64.5 (6.6) | <.001 |
| E wave (m/s) | 0.91 (0.1) | 0.93 (0.2) | .142 |
| A wave (m/s) | 0.53 (0.1) | 0.55 (0.1) | .105 |
| E/A ratio | 1.76 (0.4) | 1.74 (0.4) | .656 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 174 (27.7) | 169 (15.6) | .044 |
| PV S wave (m/s) | 0.49 (0.1) | 0.51 (0.1) | .069 |
| PV D wave (m/s) | 0.55 (0.5) | 0.51 (0.1) | .388 |
| PV A wave (m/s) | 0.19 (0.2) | 0.22 (0.5) | .352 |
| PV S/D ratio | 0.98 (0.3) | 1.02 (0.2) | .062 |
| Cardiac abnormalities, n (%) | |||
| LV dilatation | 7 (4) | 8 (5) | .317 |
| LVH | 18 (10) | 15 (9) | .257 |
| LA dilatation | 14 (8) | 15 (9) | .317 |
| LV systolic dysfunction | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | .563 |
| LV diastolic dysfunction | 40 (23) | 40 (23) | 1.000 |
| RV dilatation | 12 (7) | 23 (13) | .002 |
| RV systolic dysfunction | 2 (1) | 6 (3) | .046 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 31 (18) | 34 (20) | .564 |
| Mitral regurgitation | 5 (3) | 3 (2) | .317 |
| Pulmonic regurgitation | 37 (21) | 28 (16) | <.001 |
| Aortic regurgitation | … | … | … |
A P value ≤.05 was considered statistically significant. Therefore, all bold values were statistically significant.
Abbreviations: A wave, late diastolic filling velocity; ART, antiretroviral therapy; D, diastolic; E wave, early diastolic filling velocity; E/A ratio, mitral valve peak early to late left ventricular filling velocity; IQR, interquartile range; IVS, interventricular septum; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall; PV, pulmonary venous; RV, right ventricle; S, systolic; SD, standard deviation; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
an = 159
bn = 91
cn = 150