Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Subjects Without Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome at the Index Emergency Department Visit
| No HUS Following the Index ED Visit (n = 760) |
Developed HUS Following the Index ED Visit (n = 126) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No. With Data Available | No. (%) | No. With Data Available | No. (%) | P Valuea |
| Categorical variables | |||||
| Sex, female | 760 | 349 (45.9) | 126 | 70 (55.6) | .05 |
| Month of index visit | 760 | 126 | |||
| January–March | 83 (10.9) | 14 (11.1) | .69 | ||
| April–June | 183 (24.1) | 29 (23.0) | |||
| July–September | 364 (47.9) | 56 (44.4) | |||
| October–December | 130 (17.1) | 27 (21.4) | |||
| Travel outside US/Canada past 30 d (yes) | 527 | 37 (7.0) | 87 | 4 (4.6) | .49 |
| NSAID use past 2 wk (yes) | 228 | 52 (22.8) | 42 | 9 (21.4) | >.99 |
| Fever (yes) | 760 | 259 (34.1) | 125 | 63 (50.4) | <.001 |
| Decreased urine output (yes) | 464 | 119 (25.6) | 90 | 45 (50.0) | <.001 |
| Anuria (yes)b | 412 | 7 (1.7) | 73 | 9 (12.3) | <.001 |
| Diarrhea (yes) | 760 | 739 (97.2) | 125 | 123 (98.4) | .56 |
| Hematochezia (yes) | 759 | 576 (75.9) | 125 | 107 (85.6) | .02 |
| Vomiting (yes) | 759 | 323 (42.6) | 125 | 82 (65.6) | <.001 |
| Abdominal pain (yes) | 691 | 585 (84.7) | 110 | 101 (91.8) | .06 |
| Decreased oral fluid intake (yes) | 553 | 317 (57.3) | 105 | 78 (74.3) | .002 |
| Ill appearance (yes)c | 710 | 84 (11.8) | 120 | 46 (38.3) | <.001 |
| Dehydration (yes)d | 682 | 164 (24.0) | 117 | 49 (41.9) | <.001 |
| Capillary refill time increased (yes) | 760 | 44 (5.8) | 125 | 17 (13.6) | .003 |
| Abdominal tenderness (yes) | 760 | 361 (47.5) | 125 | 69 (55.2) | .12 |
| Antibiotics used in past 2 wk (includes ED) | 760 | 51 (6.7) | 124 | 12 (9.7) | .26 |
| IVF started before HUS diagnosed | 747 | 125 | <.001 | ||
| On day 1 of diarrhea | 30 (4.0) | 11 (8.8) | |||
| On day 2 of diarrhea | 84 (11.2) | 23 (18.4) | |||
| On day 3 of diarrhea | 128 (17.1) | 28 (22.4) | |||
| On or after day 4 of diarrhea | 223 (29.9) | 63 (50.4) | |||
| No IVF | 282 (37.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Continuous variables | No. in Analysis | Median (IQR) | No. in Analysis | Median (IQR) | |
| Age, mo | 760 | 79.5 (35.6–141.3) | 126 | 56.8 (33.0–91.0) | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 751 | 21.8 (14.2–41.0) | 126 | 17.8 (13.4–25.1) | <.001 |
| Days of illness at presentation | 741 | 2.9 (1.9–4.4) | 125 | 2.8 (1.6–3.6) | .02 |
| Days of bloody diarrhea at presentation | 565 | 1.2 (0.6–1.9) | 113 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | .14 |
| Days of diarrhea at presentation | 738 | 2.9 (1.9–4.4) | 125 | 2.8 (1.6–3.6) | .01 |
| Maximum temperature in ED, °C | 722 | 37.0 (36.7–37.3) | 121 | 37.1 (36.8–37.5) | .03 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 672 | 113 (103–123) | 116 | 112 (103–122) | .63 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 668 | 70 (62–78) | 115 | 73 (65–80) | .02 |
| Heart rate, beats/minute, age group | |||||
| <1.0 y | 40 | 132 (120–140) | 2 | 131 (127–131) | .89 |
| 1.0 to <2.0 y | 81 | 130 (113–140) | 20 | 132 (120–150) | .13 |
| 2.0 to <5.0 y | 183 | 115 (101–125) | 46 | 124 (112–140) | .002 |
| 5.0 to <11.0 y | 228 | 97 (86–112) | 47 | 112 (96–125) | <.001 |
| 11.0 to <18.0 y | 220 | 88 (78–100) | 11 | 99 (72–110) | .67 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min, age group | |||||
| <1.0 y | 40 | 32 (28–38) | 2 | 33 (28–33) | .88 |
| 1.0 to <2.0 y | 79 | 28 (24–32) | 20 | 29 (24–32) | .60 |
| 2.0 to <5.0 y | 178 | 24 (22–26) | 45 | 24 (23–28) | .12 |
| 5.0 to <11.0 y | 227 | 20 (20–24) | 47 | 22 (20–24) | .007 |
| 11.0 to <18.0 y | 219 | 20 (18–20) | 11 | 20 (18–20) | .99 |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome; IQR, interquartile range; IVF, intravenous fluids; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; US, United States.
a P < .03 was considered statistically significant with P value adjustment via Benjamini-Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons (n = 36) [27].
bNo urine output for >12 hours.
cSick, toxic, shocky, decreased mental status, lethargic, unresponsive, irritable, fussy, inconsolable, not looking well, poor or decreased pulses, decreased pulses, or other similar terms.
dDehydrated, dry-appearing, dry mucous membranes, tented skin, sunken eyes, decreased perfusion, or other similar terms.