Differentiation, proliferation, activation and function of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of the HD, PP and CR cohorts. (a) Gating strategy and the frequencies of the effector T‐cell (Teff, CD45RO−CD27−), effector memory T‐cell (Tem, CD45RO+CD27−), central memory T‐cell (Tcm, CD45RO+CD27+) and naïve T‐cell (Tna, CD45RO−CD27+) subsets in CD4+ T cells of PBMCs. (b, e–g) Frequencies of Ki‐67+, PD‐1+, CD38+HLA‐DR+ and T‐bet+ CD4+ T cells. (c, d) The absolute counts of total (c) and the Teff, Tem, Tcm and Tna subsets of CD4+ T cells (d). (h) To analyse the function of CD4+ T cells, PBMCs were stimulated with PMA/ionomycin for 4.5 h in the presence of BFA and monensin. The production of IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐17A by CD4+ T cells was analysed by intracellular staining. The data were obtained from 46 PP individuals, 41 CR individuals and 52 HD individuals. Data were analysed with one‐way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test to compare the PP cohort with the HD and CR cohorts. ns, non‐significant; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.