Table 4. Factors associated with female victimization and male perpetration of IPV (N = 2,689).

Variables			Female Victimization			Male Perpetration
			OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Personal history	Witnessing parents’ violence in childhood	Yes	2.92	1.84–4.63	< .001	2.64	1.62–4.32	< .001
		No	1			1
	Childhood maltreatment by parents	Yes	1.70	1.03–2.82	.040	1.20	0.70–2.05	.508
		No	1			1
Micro- system	Structure of decision making with partner		1.40	0.85–2.30	.184	0.87	0.54–1.42	.584
	Age (years)	19–39	1.55	0.60–4.02	.371	1.30	0.58–2.90	.527
		40–49	2.09	0.86–5.09	.106	1.67	0.82–3.40	.159
		50–59	1.56	0.69–3.54	.289	1.19	0.62–2.28	.604
		≥60	1			1
Exo- system	Education level	≤Elementary	0.41	0.14–1.22	.110	1.70	0.57–5.04	.337
		Middle school	0.86	0.35–2.08	.733	1.17	0.43–3.17	.759
		High school	0.77	0.46–1.29	.315	1.64	0.93–2.90	.088
		≥College	1			1
	Household income (1,000 KRW)	<2,000	0.90	0.30–2.73	.859	1.27	0.58–2.81	.551
		2,000–2,999	1.97	1.10–3.55	.023	1.05	0.55–2.00	.879
		3,000–3,999	0.80	0.48–1.35	.410	1.41	0.85–2.33	.181
		≥4,000	1			1
	Occupation type	Professional or Manager	0.62	0.24–1.58	.313	1.74	0.81–3.76	.156
		Office job	0.47	0.26–0.84	.011	1.37	0.76–2.46	.301
		Others	1			1
Macro- system	Attitude to gender roles		1.19	0.78–1.82	.428	0.80	0.53–1.18	.258
	Awareness of neighborhood and community		1.18	0.79–1.74	.416	1.33	0.88–2.02	.178
	Attitude to IPV		2.25	1.40–3.61	.001	2.68	1.59–4.52	< .001
	Awareness of IPV -related laws and policies		0.91	0.80–1.02	.100	0..91	0.82–1.01	.073
	Awareness of support facilities		1.00	0.85–1.17	.992	1.05	0.89–1.24	.537
	F			5.345			2.49
	p			< .001			< .001
	R2			.165			.104

IPV: Intimate partner violence.