Table 3.
Environmental persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and other representative CoVs at room temperature.
| CoV | Environment | Log10reduction | Time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E229 | Dechlorinated and filtered tap water | 3-log | 10 d at 23 °C (> 130 d at 4 °C) | (Gundy et al., 2008) |
| Primary wastewater | > 2.0-log | 2–4 d | ||
| Secondary wastewater | > 2.9-log | 2–4 d | ||
| PBS | n.r. | ≥ 6 d | (Sizun et al., 2000) | |
| MEM | 4-log | 9 d | (Rabenau et al., 2005) | |
| MEM + FBS (10%) | 4-log | 9 d | ||
| Plastics (PS) | 4-log | 72 h | ||
| FIPV | Dechlorinated and filtered tap water | 3-log | 10 d at 23 °C (> 130 d at 4 °C) | (Gundy et al., 2008) |
| Primary wastewater | > 3.1-log | 2–4 d | ||
| Secondary wastewater | > 3.7-log | 2–4 d | ||
| TGEV | Reagent grade water | 2-log | 22 d at 25 °C (> 49 d at 4 °C) | (Casanova et al., 2009) |
| Lake water | 2-log | 13 d at 25 °C | ||
| Pasteurized settled sewage | 2-log | 9 d at 25 °C | ||
| MHV | Reagent grade water | 2-log | 17 d at 25 °C (> 49 d at 4 °C) | (Casanova et al., 2009) |
| Lake water | 2-log | 10 d at 25 °C | ||
| Pasteurized settled sewage | 2-log | 7 d at 25 °C | ||
| Wastewater | 1-log | 13 h at 25 °C; 36 h at 10 °C | (Ye et al., 2016) | |
| Pasteurized wastewater | 1-log | 18 h at 25 °C; 149 h at 10 °C | ||
| OC43 | PBS | n.r. | ≥ 6 d | (Sizun et al., 2000) |
| MERS-CoV | Plastic | 6-log | 72 h (20–40% RH) | (van Doremalen et al., 2013) |
| Steel | 6-log | 72 h (20–40% RH) | ||
| SARS-CoV-1 | Cell culture media | 5-log | 60 h | (Duan et al., 2003) |
| Autoclaved water | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Serum | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Sputum | 5-log | 96 h | ||
| Feces | 5-log | 96 h | ||
| Urine | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Glass | 5-log | 60 h | ||
| Mosaic | 5-log | 60 h | ||
| Metal | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Plastics | 5-log | 60 h | ||
| Cloth | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Filter paper | 5-log | 72 h | ||
| Autoclaved soil | 5-log | < 6 h | ||
| Dechlorinated tap water | 5-log | 2 d (≥ 14 d at 4 °C) | (Wang et al., 2005b) | |
| Domestic sewage (centrifuged) | 5-log | 2 d (≥ 14 d at 4 °C) | ||
| Hospital sewage (centrifuged and treated with sodium thiosulfate) | 5-log | 2 d (≥ 14 d at 4 °C) | ||
| PBS | 5-log | ≥ 14 d | ||
| Stool | 5-log | 3 d (≥ 17 d at 4 °C) | ||
| Urine | 5-log | 17 d | ||
| MEM | ~ 1-log | > 9 d | (Rabenau et al., 2005) | |
| MEM + FBS(10%) | ~ 1-log | > 9 d | ||
| Plastics (PS) | > 4-log | 9 d | ||
| Plastics | 2.7-log | 72 h | (van Doremalen et al., 2020) | |
| Stainless steel | 3.0-log | 72 h | ||
| Copper | ~ 3.0-log | 4 h | ||
| Cardboard | ~ 3.0-log | 24 h | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 | Plastics | 3.1-log | 72 h | (van Doremalen et al., 2020) |
| Stainless steel | 3.1-log | 72 h | ||
| Copper | ~ 3.0-log | 4 h | ||
| Cardboard | ~ 3.0-log | 24 h | ||
| Virus transport medium | 5.34-log | 5 min (70 °C) | (Chin et al., 2020) | |
| 6.65-log | 30 min (56 °C) | |||
| 6.57-log | 2 days (37 °C) | |||
| 6.51-log | 14 days (22 °C) | |||
| 0.47-log | 14 d (4 °C) | |||
| Paper | 4.76-log | 3 h | ||
| Banknote | 6.05-log | 4 d | ||
| Wood | 5.66-log | 2 d | ||
| Cloth | 4.84-log | 2 d | ||
| Respiratory mask | 2.99-log | 7 d | ||
| Glass | 5.83-log | 4 d | ||
| Stainless steel | 5.80-log | 7 d | ||
| Plastics | 5.81-log | 7 d | ||
| Tap water | 1-log | 1.8–2.2 d | (Bivins et al., 2020) | |
| 2-log | 3.6–4.4 d | |||
| Municipal wastewater | – | – | (Rimoldi et al., 2020a, Rimoldi et al., 2020b; Westhaus et al., 2021) | |
| WWTP effluent | – | – | ||
| River (contaminated with wastewater) | – | – | (Rimoldi et al., 2020a, Rimoldi et al., 2020b) | |
| Hospital wastewater | – | – | (Ge et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020c) | |
| Wastewater (frozen and thawed) | 1-log | 1.4–3.3 d | (Bivins et al., 2020) | |
| 2-log | 2.9–6.5 d |