Table 3.
Descriptive statistics, between-group effect sizes and results of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) based on the intention-to-treat sample for the primary and secondary outcomes.
| Outcome and assessment point | Active control (n = 100) |
Intervention (n = 100) |
Effect size |
ANCOVA |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | d | 95% CI | F | p | |
| Primary outcome | ||||||||
| Depression (CES-D, 0–60) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 25.05 | 7.85 | 23.60 | 8.17 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 21.91 | 10.30 | 18.18 | 10.09 | 0.36 | 0.08–0.64 | 7.83 | 0.005 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 18.96 | 11.30 | 15.53 | 10.23 | 0.31 | 0.04–0.59 | 5.64 | 0.018 |
| Mental health | ||||||||
| Behavioral Activation for Depression (BADS, 0–150) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 82.93 | 22.92 | 82.34 | 20.34 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 89.10 | 23.93 | 103.66 | 21.93 | 0.61 | 0.30–0.91 | 17.12 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 91.11 | 31.99 | 105.37 | 26.37 | 0.47 | 0.14–0.81 | 7.33 | 0.019 |
| Perceived stress (PSS-10, 0–40) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 24.08 | 5.37 | 23.57 | 5.92 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 20.83 | 6.99 | 17.53 | 7.28 | 0.45 | 0.18–0.73 | 13.10 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 19.75 | 9.37 | 17.20 | 8.03 | 0.30 | −0.02–0.59 | 3.79 | 0.057 |
| Anxiety (STAI-6, 6–24) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 14.98 | 3.75 | 14.59 | 3.37 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 14.23 | 4.04 | 12.80 | 3.89 | 0.35 | 0.03–0.67 | 4.88 | 0.039 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 13.05 | 4.34 | 12.39 | 4.56 | 0.15 | −0.19–0.49 | 0.26 | 0.614 |
| Worrying (AWQ, 0–40) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 17.55 | 5.16 | 16.74 | 4.85 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 17.29 | 5.86 | 15.18 | 6.14 | 0.35 | 0.06–0.63 | 7.65 | 0.007 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 15.37 | 7.50 | 13.67 | 6.38 | 0.25 | −0.04–0.53 | 3.23 | 0.073 |
| Emotional exhaustion (MBI-S, 5–30) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 19.50 | 5.66 | 19.39 | 5.10 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 18.19 | 6.06 | 17.74 | 5.90 | 0.08 | −0.21–0.36 | 0.22 | 0.638 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 18.34 | 7.28 | 14.58 | 6.59 | 0.52 | 0.24–0.80 | 16.44 | <0.001 |
| Academic outcomes | ||||||||
| Work impairment (WIS, 10–50) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 32.33 | 6.66 | 32.30 | 5.65 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 31.51 | 7.77 | 29.83 | 7.58 | 0.22 | −0.06–0.49 | 3.70 | 0.055 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 30.92 | 7.56 | 28.09 | 7.94 | 0.36 | 0.05–0.67 | 6.04 | 0.017 |
| Work output (WOS, 0–100) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 54.63 | 28.08 | 56.39 | 25.70 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 54.42 | 29.28 | 62.34 | 29.22 | 0.27 | 0.00–0.54 | 4.24 | 0.039 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 56.82 | 33.71 | 65.59 | 31.82 | 0.27 | −0.11–0.64 | 1.18 | 0.313 |
| Work cutback (PS-S, h) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 9.91 | 14.96 | 8.02 | 12.33 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 8.33 | 11.90 | 5.81 | 10.16 | 0.23 | −0.06–0.51 | 2.47 | 0.117 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 11.50 | 17.82 | 5.92 | 12.06 | 0.36 | 0.05–0.68 | 4.80 | 0.036 |
| College self-efficacy (CSEI, 13–65) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 46.72 | 11.48 | 47.50 | 11.66 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 51.09 | 13.17 | 50.11 | 12.42 | −0.08 | −0.36–0.21 | 0.19 | 0.660 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 51.31 | 18.10 | 51.17 | 14.89 | −0.01 | −0.32–0.31 | −0.04 | 1.000 |
| Risk and protective factors | ||||||||
| Resilience (CD-RISC, 0–8) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 5.64 | 1.71 | 5.51 | 1.60 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 5.53 | 1.82 | 5.92 | 1.73 | 0.22 | −0.07–0.51 | 2.21 | 0.146 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 5.15 | 2.24 | 5.93 | 1.88 | 0.37 | 0.08–0.66 | 7.36 | 0.007 |
| Emotion regulation competencies (SEK-27, 27–108) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 73.83 | 12.70 | 74.57 | 13.72 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 76.44 | 14.59 | 85.35 | 14.15 | 0.59 | 0.32–0.87 | 24.00 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 78.83 | 26.62 | 82.98 | 19.22 | 0.18 | −0.13–0.49 | 1.10 | 0.298 |
| Self-compassion (SCS-D, 12–60) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 19.17 | 7.86 | 19.68 | 7.42 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 21.37 | 9.22 | 26.52 | 9.36 | 0.54 | 0.26–0.81 | 22.97 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 20.63 | 10.99 | 26.44 | 9.52 | 0.54 | 0.26–0.83 | 18.93 | <0.001 |
| Self-esteem (RSES, 10–40) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 27.49 | 6.74 | 28.79 | 6.39 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 29.20 | 6.76 | 31.80 | 6.24 | 0.39 | 0.12–0.67 | 20.82 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 29.83 | 10.13 | 31.16 | 8.10 | 0.14 | −0.19–0.48 | 0.15 | 0.708 |
| Negative beliefs about stress (BASS, 8–32) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 26.45 | 4.16 | 26.36 | 3.56 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 25.18 | 4.29 | 24.73 | 4.18 | 0.11 | −0.18–0.39 | 0.70 | 0.404 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 25.63 | 4.38 | 23.83 | 4.00 | 0.42 | 0.11–0.73 | 8.66 | 0.006 |
| Positive beliefs about stress (BASS, 4–16) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 8.95 | 3.25 | 8.99 | 2.96 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 9.61 | 3.02 | 10.45 | 2.85 | 0.28 | 0.01–0.56 | 5.34 | 0.022 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 9.31 | 3.13 | 10.08 | 3.13 | 0.24 | −0.04–0.53 | 3.27 | 0.074 |
| Controllability beliefs about stress (BASS, 3–12) | ||||||||
| - T1 (baseline) | 8.08 | 2.10 | 8.13 | 2.05 | ||||
| - T2 (7 weeks) | 8.73 | 2.04 | 9.88 | 1.67 | 0.59 | 0.31–0.86 | 20.83 | <0.001 |
| - T3 (3 months) | 8.58 | 2.24 | 10.12 | 1.93 | 0.69 | 0.40–0.98 | 19.94 | <0.001 |