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. 2020 Dec 9;35(3):661–678. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01104-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — EV cargo includes bioactive molecules on EV surface (adhesion molecules, tetraspanins, molecules involved in antigen presentation, proteoglycans, lipids, P-glycoprotein P-gp and tumor specific antigens) and molecular content (DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, short noncoding RNA, circular RNA, metabolites, heat shock proteins, enzymes). EVs and their components play multiple roles in cancer and have peculiar physicochemical characteristics, thus holding a potential clinical utility as biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets and agents.