Table 1.
Characteristics of percutaneous robotically-assisted needle insertions.
| Parameter | N | Mean (SD) | Median (Q1; Q3) | Min; max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distance from skin entry point to target (mm) | 36 | 86.5 (19.7) | 83.4 (72.3; 105.0) | 47.4; 117.0 |
| Orbital angulations (°) | 36 | 9.6 (23.0) | 2.6 (− 3.6; 27.6) | − 36.8; 55.2 |
| Cranio-caudal angulations (°) | 36 | 14.1 (15.5) | 10.5 (0.4; 26.5) | 2.3; 61.0 |
| Time from the beginning of the procedure (switch on the device) to last needle placement (needle in place)-all operators (minutes) | 36 | 24.8 (7.6) | 24.0 (18.0; 29.5) | 15; 45.0 |
| Time from the beginning of the procedure (switch on the device) to last needle placement (needle in place)-experienced operators (minutes) | 20 | 26.3 (7.6) | 25.0 (19.5; 32.0) | 15; 41.0 |
| Time from the beginning of the procedure (switch on the device) to last needle placement (needle in place)-novice operator (minutes) | 16 | 23.0 (7.3) | 22.0 (18.0; 25.5) | 15; 45.0 |
Analyses based on last needle insertion.