Table 2.
Needle placement accuracy (in mm)—Summary table of 3D, lateral and depth deviations-All operators.
| Parameter | N | Mean (SD) | Median (Q1 ; Q3) | Min ; max | LSmean [95% upper limit] | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D deviation (mm) | 43 | 4.19 (2.03) | 3.70 (2.70 ; 5.30) | 0.80 ; 10.20 | 4.15 [0 ; 4.74] | P = 0.0138 |
| 36 | 3.50 (1.25) | 3.40 (2.60 ; 4.35) | 0.80 ; 5.90 | 3.59 [0 ; 3.99] | P ≤ .0001 | |
| Lateral deviation (mm) | 43 | 3.28 (1.80) | 3.10 (2.00 ; 4.10) | 0.60 ; 8.90 | 3.26 [0 ; 3.83] | P = 0.0005 |
| 36 | 2.82 (1.18) | 2.75 (1.85 ; 3.65) | 0.60 ; 5.00 | 2.88 [0 ; 3.32] | P ≤ .0001 | |
| Depth deviation (mm) | 43 | 1.27 (2.62) | 1.5 (0.00 ; 2.70) | -5.00 ; 7.20 | 1.22 [0 ; 2.04] | P ≤ .0001 |
| 36 | 1.07 (2.06) | 1.40 (0.10 ; 2.20) | -3.80 ; 6.20 | 1.05 [0 ; 1.86] | P ≤ .0001 |
Analyses based on all or last needle insertion measure.
*P value for unilateral testing distance H0: > 5 mm vsersu H1: ≤ 5 mm.
Least Square (LS) Mean and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) taking into account intra-animal and fiducial nested in animal variability structure.