Table 1.
Clinical characteristics.
| All PD patients (n = 140) | Cognitively normal (n = 105) | Cognitively impaired (n = 35) | p† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.6 ± 9.1 | 62.0 ± 8.8 | 64.5 ± 9.7 | 0.09 |
| Females, n (%) | 62.0 (44.3) | 48.0 (45.7) | 14.0 (40.0) | 0.56 |
| Disease duration (years) | 10.4 ± 5.2 | 10.1 ± 5.0 | 11.1 ± 5.6 | 0.34 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.36 |
| Montréal Cognitive Assessment | 26.9 ± 2.6 | 28.2 ± 1.4 | 23.1 ± 1.6 | n.a. |
| Education (years) | 12.9 ± 3.3 | 13.2 ± 3.3 | 11.9 ± 3.2 | 0.03 |
| UPDRS III | 37.6 ± 13.3 | 37.0 ± 13.1 | 39.2 ± 14.0 | 0.49 |
| Akinetic rigid subtype, n (%) | 62.0 (44.3) | 44.0 (41.9) | 18.0 (51.4) | 0.33 |
| LED total (mg/d) | 1,009.6 ± 444.0 | 1,038.6 ± 475.0 | 922.8 ± 325.0 | 0.22 |
| LED dopamine agonists (mg/d) | 144.6 ± 137.1 | 155.0 ± 141.7 | 113.7 ± 118.6 | 0.16 |
| LED levodopa (mg/d) | 799.4 ± 418.8 | 815.3 ± 443.1 | 752.0 ± 336.5 | 0.64 |
| Antidepressants, any, n (%) | 44 (31.4) | 28 (26.7) | 16 (45.7) | 0.04 |
| Antidepressants, sedating‡, n (%) | 28 (20.0) | 15 (14.3) | 13 (37.1) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants, activating§, n (%) | 18 (12.9) | 14 (13.3) | 4 (11.4) | 0.77 |
| Acetylcholine-esterase-inhibitors, n (%) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (1) | 3 (8.6) | 0.02 |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 7 (5.0) | 3 (2.9) | 4 (11.4) | 0.044 |
| Benzodiazepines, any, n (%) | 18 (12.9) | 11 (10.5) | 7 (20.0) | 0.16 |
| Clonazepam, n (%) | 8 (5.7) | 6 (5.7) | 2 (5.7) | 0.99 |
| Other benzodiazepines, n (%) | 10 (7.1) | 5 (4.8) | 5 (14.3) | 0.06 |
| Benzodiazepine receptor agonists, n (%) | 8 (5.7) | 8 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.93 |
Means ± standard deviations are shown; Comparison of PD patients with and without cognitive impairment; uncorrected p-values are displayed;
§
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors;
‡
Trazodone, mirtazapine, tricyclic antidepressants. PD, Parkinson disease; UPDRS III, part III (motor part) of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; LED, levodopa-equivalent dose.