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. 2021 Mar 4;11:5130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84384-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphical representation of the hepatocyte-fibroblast co-culture concept, showing hepatocytes encapsulated in the shell are coaxially printed with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts in the core, both co-printed as single cells in their respective bioink (left). An influence of the core composition (with or without fibroblasts and matrix components) on hepatocyte phenotype is hypothesized as they might grow into clusters within their shell compartment and fibroblasts spread to form networks over the cultivation period (right). Images created using Biorender.com software.