Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics.
| Reduced EF |
Preserved EF |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With CTO N = 106 | Without CTO N = 518 | P-value | With CTO N = 66 | Without CTO N = 1,370 | P-value | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y | 68.8 ± 12.1 | 71.0 ± 13.0 | 0.09 | 70.6 ± 11.5 | 67.4 ± 12.5 | 0.03 |
| Male, % | 85.8 | 77.8 | 0.08 | 77.3 | 78.0 | 1.00 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 3.6 | 22.9 ± 3.8 | 0.27 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.6 | 1.00 |
| Hypertension, % | 61.3 | 62.1 | 0.97 | 69.7 | 65.3 | 0.54 |
| Diabetes, % | 46.2 | 32.5 | 0.01 | 45.5 | 29.6 | 0.01 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 46.2 | 44.7 | 0.85 | 54.5 | 50.9 | 0.65 |
| Current smoker, % | 36.8 | 28 | 0.09 | 30.3 | 32.8 | 0.78 |
| Hemodialysis, % | 3.8 | 1.9 | 0.27 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.59 |
| CKD, % | 61.3 | 45.8 | 0.005 | 37.9 | 33.7 | 0.51 |
| Anemia, % | 12.3 | 14.3 | 0.71 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 0.80 |
| Previous MI, % | 17.9 | 13.2 | 0.26 | 9.1 | 5.3 | 0.29 |
| Previous HF, % | 4.7 | 4.3 | 0.80 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 0.02 |
| Previous PCI, % | 15.1 | 10.8 | 0.28 | 12.1 | 7.4 | 0.24 |
| Previous stroke, % | 10.4 | 6.4 | 0.21 | 7.6 | 4.4 | 0.36 |
| LVDd, mm | 54.7 ± 7.0 | 52.2 ± 6.3 | 0.003 | 49.3 ± 5.8 | 48.1 ± 5.2 | 0.10 |
| LVDs, mm | 44.0 ± 7.6 | 40.7 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | 32.6 ± 5.5 | 31.7 ± 4.9 | 0.21 |
| LVEF, % | 37.0 ± 8.3 | 40.8 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 61.6 ± 7.8 | 61.9 ± 7.6 | 0.78 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 56.0 ± 23.0 | 62.1 ± 24.8 | 0.02 | 67.4 ± 26.5 | 68.1 ± 23.0 | 0.84 |
| Presentation of index AMI | ||||||
| STEMI, % | 71.0 | 83.6 | 0.005 | 65.6 | 79.8 | 0.01 |
| Killip class ≥ III, % | 41.3 | 28.1 | 0.01 | 10.8 | 6.0 | 0.20 |
| Peak creatinine phosphokinase, U/L | 4258 ± 5259 | 3557 ± 3462 | 0.19 | 2598 ± 3733 | 2217 ± 2297 | 0.41 |
| Hospital stay, days | 24.7 ± 32.0 | 19.1 ± 17.8 | 0.08 | 17.0 ± 18.1 | 14.2 ± 12.1 | 0.22 |
| Angiographic and procedural characteristics | ||||||
| Infarct-related artery | ||||||
| RCA/LMT/LAD/LCX | 29.2/1.9/55.7/13.2 | 24.9/4.6/56.4/14.1 | 0.56 | 33.3/1.5/43.9/21.2 | 42.0/0.8/42.8/14.5 | 0.22 |
| PCI procedure | ||||||
| POBA | 6.6 | 9.3 | 0.49 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 1.00 |
| BMS use | 12.3 | 12.4 | 1.00 | 1.5 | 11.8 | 0.005 |
| DES use | 81.1 | 76.8 | 0.40 | 92.4 | 80.1 | 0.02 |
| Thrombectomy | 59.0 | 67.0 | 0.15 | 50.8 | 68.2 | 0.005 |
| Distal protection | 11.7 | 8.2 | 0.36 | 6.2 | 10.6 | 0.30 |
| ECMO use | 14.2 | 3.9 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.00 |
| IABP use | 47.2 | 23.0 | <0.001 | 19.7 | 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Initial TIMI flow grade 0 | 54.3 | 63.2 | 0.11 | 41.5 | 55.5 | 0.04 |
| Final TIMI flow grade 3 | 91.0 | 82.1 | 0.04 | 97.0 | 93.2 | 0.31 |
| Details of CTO in a non-IRA | ||||||
| Number of CTOs per patients | 1.1 ± 0.3 | – | NA | 1.1 ± 0.3 | – | NA |
| Location of CTO | ||||||
| RCA/LAD/LCX | 51.9/17.9/40.6 | – | NA | 34.8/30.3/45.5 | – | NA |
| Collateral from only IRA | 34.0 | – | NA | 25.8 | – | NA |
| Rentrop grade 3 | 20.8 | – | NA | 37.9 | – | NA |
Categorical variables are expressed as percentages unless otherwise indicated. Continuous variables are shown as means ± SD. EF: ejection fraction; CTO: chronic total occlusion; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MI: myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; RCA: right coronary artery; LMT: left main trunk; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; POBA: percutaneous old balloon angioplasty; BMS: bare metal stent; DES: drug-eluting stent; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pumping; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; IRA: infarct-related artery; NA: not applicable.