Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of individuals who died from COVID-19 in Michigan overall and by race. Data are median [IQR], n (%), or n/N (%), and p-values were calculated by Chi-Square tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. The study population overall includes deaths among individuals of all races, of which Black and White individuals make up 96.3%.
| Race |
Overall* (n = 6065) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black n = 2341 (38.6%) | White n = 3497 (57.7%) | p-value | ||
| Sex | 0.006 | |||
| Male | 1274 (54.4) | 1773 (50.7) | 3186 (52.5) | |
| Female | 1067 (45.6) | 1724 (49.3) | 2879 (47.5) | |
| Age, years (median [IQR]) | 72 [63, 81] | 81 [72, 89] | <0.001 | 77 [68, 86] |
| <40 | 44 (1.9) | 26 (0.7) | <0.001 | 74 (1.2) |
| 40–65 | 602 (25.7) | 399 (11.4) | 1053 (17.4) | |
| 65–80 | 1011 (43.2) | 1170 (33.5) | 2283 (37.6) | |
| ≥80 | 684 (29.2) | 1902 (54.4) | 2655 (43.8) | |
|
Congregate Living Facility Resident or Employee** |
695 (29.7) | 1915 (54.8) | <0.001 | 2666 (44.0) |
| Retired or Unemployed | 302 (12.9) | 776 (22.2) | <0.001 | 1128 (18.6) |
| Number of Comorbidities | <0.001 | |||
| None | 675 (28.8) | 566 (16.2) | 1293 (21.3) | |
| One | 428 (18.3) | 636 (18.2) | 1116 (18.4) | |
| Two or more | 1238 (52.9) | 2295 (65.6) | 3656 (60.3) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Asthma or Reactive Airway Disease | 149 (6.4) | 170 (4.9) | 0.016 | 341 (5.6) |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 1235 (52.8) | 2293 (65.6) | <0.001 | 3647 (60.1) |
| Cancer | 191 (8.2) | 425 (12.2) | <0.001 | 639 (10.5) |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 369 (15.8) | 826 (23.6) | <0.001 | 1226 (20.2) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 744 (31.8) | 978 (28.0) | 0.002 | 1819 (30.0) |
| Neurologic Disease | 460 (19.6) | 1242 (35.5) | <0.001 | 1741 (28.7) |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 64 (2.7) | 76 (2.2) | 0.199 | 149 (2.5) |
| Chronic Renal Disease | 498 (21.3) | 637 (18.2) | 0.004 | 1181 (19.5) |
| Other Immunosuppressive Conditions | 134 (5.7) | 204 (5.8) | 0.906 | 348 (5.7) |
| Other Chronic Diseases | 215 (9.2) | 505 (14.4) | <0.001 | 741 (12.2) |
| Relevant Comorbidity Combinations*** | ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular, and Chronic Renal Disease |
214 (9.1) | 244 (7.0) | 0.003 | 488 (8.0) |
| Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease | 576 (24.6) | 828 (23.7) | 0.435 | 1480 (24.4) |
| Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | 281 (12.0) | 660 (18.9) | <0.001 | 964 (15.9) |
| Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disease | 353 (15.1) | 935 (26.7) | <0.001 | 1312 (21.6) |
* Races and ethnicities of decedents presented in the column labeled Overall (n = 6065) are White (57.7%), Black (38.6%), Native American (0.3%), South Asian (0.5%), Southeast Asian (0.4%), East Asian (0.2%), other Asian ethnicity (0.5%), and other not specified races and individuals for whom race was not reported (1.9%).
** The number of individuals living in congregate living facilities by age group, sex, and race is presented in Table S1.
*** Comorbidity combinations included here represent those typical among patients with the following medical and behavioural conditions in order: uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, long-term smoker, and dementia. These conditions have been found to be associated with COVID-19 mortality [46].