Fig. 4. CD4⁺ T_EM cell enrichment is associated with chronic activation and increased numbers of effector memory CD4⁺ T cells.

a–d Increased CD4⁺ T_EM frequency before treatment reflects a decrease in circulating naïve CD4⁺ T cells and an increase in circulating numbers of CD4⁺ T_EM cells. a Baseline naïve CD4⁺ T cell counts (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni correction: m = 4, p = 5.2 ⨯ 10⁻⁵). b Baseline CD4⁺ T_EM cell counts (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni correction: m = 4, p = 8.0 ⨯ 10⁻⁴). c Baseline CD4⁺ T_EMRA cell counts (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni-corrected p-value, m = 4). d Baseline CD4⁺ T_CM cell counts (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni-corrected p-value, m = 4). Median values are indicated by a red line. e Pairwise correlations between CD4⁺ T_EM cell frequency and other leucocyte subset frequencies in the training and validation sets (n = 103; Pearson). Example gating strategies for analysis of flow cytometry data are provided as Supplementary Figs. 2–8. f Baseline CD27⁺ CD4⁺ T cell frequencies (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni correction: m = 60, p = 4.2 ⨯ 10⁻¹⁰). g Baseline CD57⁺ CD4⁺ T cell frequencies (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni correction: m = 60, p = 2.0 ⨯ 10⁻⁹). h Baseline HLA-DR⁺ CD4⁺ T cell frequencies (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni correction: m = 60, p = 4.1 ⨯ 10⁻⁵). i Baseline CD279⁺ CD4⁺ T cell frequencies (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni-corrected p-value, m = 60). j Baseline CD160⁺ CD244⁺ CD8⁺ T cell frequencies (n = 103; M.W.; Bonferroni-corrected p-value, m = 60). k Baseline Torque Teno Virus (TTV) loads. Uninfected patients were censored from analysis (n = 74; M.W.; Bonferroni-corrected p-value, m = 60). Median values are indicated by a red line.