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. 2021 Mar 4;11:5244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84881-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Correlations between serum butyrate levels and IL-10-producing B cells after PBMC culture for 18 h (n = 21). Cells were cultured with or without Resiquimod (R848) as indicated. (a,b) The proportion of unstimulated or R848-stimulated naive B cells expressing IL-10 (%) and (c,d) the expression (MFI) of IL-10 in unstimulated or R848-stimulated naive B cells. (e–f) The proportion of IgM^hi MZ-like B cells expressing IL-10 in unstimulated or R848-stimulated cells. (g–h) The expression of IL-10 (MFI) in unstimulated or R848-stimulated IgM⁺ DN B cells. Correlation was measured using nonparametric Spearman’s rho; statistically significant values are shown in bolded font. Line of regression is shown for illustrative purposes only.