Table 9.
Comparison of the biochemical and nutritional deficiencies between ASD and TD children stratified by gender.
| Biochemical test | Reference range | Boy | Girl | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD | TD | p-value | ASD | TD | p-value | ||
| Deficiency N (%) | Deficiency N (%) | Deficiency N (%) | Deficiency N (%) | ||||
| WBC (10∧9/L) | 4.00–11.00 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (7.70) | 0.178 | 0 (0.00) | 2 (8.00) | 0.519 |
| RBC (10∧12/L) | 3.50–5.50 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
| HGB (g/dL) | 11.0–16.0 | 2 (5.70) | 0 (0.00) | 0.503 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
| HCT (%) | 37.0–54.0 | 21 (60.0) | 3 (11.5) | <0.001 | 4 (26.7) | 2 (8.00) | <0.001 |
| MCV (fl) | 80.0–100 | 25 (71.4) | 17 (65.4) | 0.781 | 6 (40.0) | 18 (72.0) | 0.046 |
| MCH (pg) | 27.0–34.0 | 29 (82.9) | 23 (88.5) | 0.720 | 9 (60.0) | 21 (84.0) | 0.135 |
| MCHC (d/dL) | 32.0–36.0 | 5 (14.3) | 0 (0.00) | 0.044 | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0.00) | 0.135 |
| RDW-CV (%) | 11.0–16.0 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 12.0–300 | 25 (71.4) | 13 (50.0) | 0.113 | 7 (46.7) | 5 (20.0) | 0.091 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.00–2.60 | 1 (2.90) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
| 25(OH)D (mg/ml) | 30.0–100 | 33 (94.3) | 25 (96.2) | 1.000 | 14 (93.3) | 25 (100) | 0.375 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 0.80–1.50 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
| ALP (U/L) | 93.0–309 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ND |
ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; TD, Typically Developing Child; 25(OH)D, 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D; ND, Not Detected; All children in the study population were adequate.
Significant difference at p < 0.05. Chi-square (χ2) test.