TABLE 2.
Pharmacological activities of Snowdrop.
| Biological activities | Species | Plant parts | Type of extract | Phenotypic activity | Effective dose a | Positive control | Possible mechanism of action | Compounds | Isolation/Detection methods | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholinesterase | Galanthus nivalis L. | Bulb | Ethanol extract | AChE | 96% | — | Inhibit the cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down ACh, increasing both the level and duration of the neurotransmitter action. | — | — | Rhee et al. (2003) |
| Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. | Bulb | Chloroform: methanol (1:1) | AChE | 73.18% | Galanthamine | — | Orhan and Şener (2005) | |||
| AChE | 77.23% | |||||||||
| Galanthus ikariae Baker | Bulb | Chloroform: methanol (1:1) | AChE | Lycorine | Column chromatography and preparative TLC | |||||
| Chloroform: methanol extract lycorine | 75.56% | Tazettine | ||||||||
| Tazettine | 3.16 μM | Galanthamine | ||||||||
| crinine galanthamine | 3.20 μM | Crinine | ||||||||
| 3.20 μM | 3-epihydroxybulbispermine | |||||||||
| 3.20 μM | 2-demethoxymontanine | |||||||||
| 3.20 μM | ||||||||||
| Galanthus reginae-olgae Orph. subsp. vernalis Kamari | AChE | 76.96% | Conforti et al. (2010) | |||||||
| Alkaloid extract | ||||||||||
| Aerial | Methanol extract | AChE | ||||||||
| Methanol extract | 15.2 ± 0.81% | Physostigmine | 1-metil-4-etossi-,δ, (3)pirrolin-2-one, Neophytadiene, Exadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Exadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecandienoic acid, methyl ester,[E,E], 9,12,15-octadecantrienoic acid, methyl ester,[Z,Z,Z], 2-exadecen-1-ol-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-[R-[R*,R*-(E)]], 9,12,15-octadecantrienal, 9,12-octadecandienoic acid [Z,Z]-2-idrossi-1-[idrossimethyl] ethylester, 2-monolinolenin, 1-octadecene, 9-α-fluoro-5-α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3,15-dione, Vitamin E, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.β.,24 E), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.β.,24 S), Stigmast-5,24(38)-dien-3-ol, (3.β.,24 E) | GCMS | ||||||
| Hexane fraction | 1.2 ± 0.04% | — | Galanthamine, Lycorine, Tazettine | |||||||
| Ethyl acetate fraction | 1.2 ± 0.06% | |||||||||
| Dichloromethane fraction | 11.8 ± 0.72% | |||||||||
| Bulb | Methanol extract | AChE | Neophytadiene, Exadecanoic acid, Methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecandienoic acid, methyl ester,[E,E], 9,12,15-octadecantrienoic acid, methyl ester,[Z,Z,Z], 9,12-octadecandienoic acid [Z,Z]-2-idrossi-1-[idrossimethyl] ethylester Galanthamine, Lycorine, Tazettine, Crinine, Neronine | |||||||
| Methanol extract | 18.2 ± 0.93% | |||||||||
| Hexane fraction | 7.8 ± 0.49% | |||||||||
| Ethyl acetate fraction | 5.0 ± 0.42% | |||||||||
| Dichloromethane fraction | 38.5 ± 0.49% | |||||||||
| Galanthus gracilis Celak. | Bulb | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 11.82 μg/ml | Galanthamine | 8-O-demethylhomolycorine, Homolycorine ,Galanthindole . Tazettine Lycorine, Galanthamine | GCMS | Bozkurt-Sarikaya et al. (2014) | ||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Aerial | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 25.5 μg/ml | Homolycorine, 8-O-demethylhomolycorine, Galanthindole, Tazettine | ||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Galanthus xvalentinei nothosubsp. subplicatus | Bulb | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 21.31 μg/ml | Lycorine ismine | Sarikaya et al. (2013) | ||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Aerial | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 16.32 μg/ml | Tazettine, 11-O-(3'-Hydroxybutanoyl) hamayne, 3-O-(2''-Butenoyl)-11-O-(3'-hydroxybutanoyl) hamayne | ||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk | Aerial and Bulb | Alkaloid extract | AChE | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.15 μM) | Galanthine, Galanthamine, 2-O-(3’-hydroxybutanoyl)lycorine, Narwedine, 1-O-acetyl-9-O-methylpseudolycorine, O-methylleucotamine, Sternbergine, Lycorine, Sanguinine, Salsoline | Column Chromatography | Bozkurt et al. (2013a) | |||
| Galanthine Narwedine | IC50: 7.75 μM | |||||||||
| O-methylleucotamine | IC50: 11.79 μM | |||||||||
| Sternbergine Sanguinine | IC50: 16.42 μM | |||||||||
| 1-O-acetyl-9-O-methylpseudolycorine | IC50: 0.99 μM | |||||||||
| IC50: 0.007 μM | ||||||||||
| IC50: 78.7 μM | ||||||||||
| Galanthus rizehensis Stern | Bulb | — | AChE | IC50: 12.94 μg/ml | Lycorine, Tazettine, | GCMS | Bozkurt et al. (2013b) | |||
| Galanthamine | ||||||||||
| Galanthus cilicicus Baker | Bulb | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 0.407 μg/ml | Galanthamine AChE IC50: 0.043) μg/ml; BuChE 0.711 μg/ML | Galanthamine, Tazettine, | GCMS | Kaya et al. (2017) | ||
| Alkaloid fraction | Galanthindole | |||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 8.14 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Aerial | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 0.154 μg/ml | Haemanthamine, Tazettine, Galanthindole | ||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 82.18 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. | Aerial (Location: Karaburun, Izmir) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 0.72 μg/mL μg/ml | Galanthamine (AChE IC50: 0.04) μg/ML, BuCHE IC50: 0.711 | Hordenine, Anhydrolycorine, Galanthamine, O-methylleucotamine Sanguinine, 11,12-Didehydroanhydrolycorine, Incartine, Oxoincartine | GCMS | Bozkurt et al. (2017) | ||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50:6.56 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Bulb (Location: Karaburun, Izmir) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 2.20 μg/ml | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.04) μg/ml | Hordenine, Anhydrolycorine, Lycorine, Galanthamine, O-methylleucotamine, Sanguinine, Incartine, Oxoincartine | |||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 15.84 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Aerial (Location: Akseki, Antalya) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.04) μg/ml | Galanthindole, Haemanthamine 6-O-methylpretazettine, Galanthindole, 1-acetyl-Β-Carboline, Pinoresinol | |||||
| Alkaloid fraction | 15.72 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Bulb (Location: Akseki, Antalya) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 10.52 μg/ml | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.711) μg/ml | Galanthindole, Haemanthamine 6-O-methylpretazettine, Galanthindole, 1-acetyl-Β-Carboline, Pinoresinol | |||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Aerial (Location: Demirci, Manisa) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 6.25 μg/ml | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.04) μg/ml | Galanthamine, Sanguinine, Demethylhomolycorine, O-methylleucotamine, Lycorine, Anhydrolycorine, Hordenine, Ismine,, 2,11-didehydro-2-dehydroxylycorine, Assoanin, 11,12-didehydroanhydrolycorine, Hippeastrine | |||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 9.52 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Bulb (Location: Demirci, Manisa) | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 15.65 μg/ml | Galanthamine (IC50: 0.711) μg/ml | Galanthamine, Incartine, Lycorine, Anhydrolycorine And Hordenine, Ismine, Demethylmaritidine, 2,11-Didehydro-2-Dehydroxylycorine, Assoanine, 11,12-Didehydroanhydrolycorine, Hippeastrine | |||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 15.85 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | ||||||||||
| Galanthus peshmenii A.P.Davis and C.D.Brickell | Whole plant | – | AChE | IC50: 49.04 μg/ml | Galanthamine (AChE IC50: 0.043) μg/ml (BuCHE IC50: 0.711 ml) | Homolycorine, Ismine, Graciline, Galanthindole, Tazettine, Demethylhomolycorine, Galwesine | GCMS | Bozkurt et al. (2020) | ||
| BuCHE | IC50: 42.05 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus Gracilis Celak. | Bulb | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 27.51 μg/ml | O-methylnorbelladine, ismine, graciline, 5,6-dihydrobicolorine, vitattine, galanthindole, 11,12-dehydrolycorene, tazettine, 11-OH vittatine, lycorine, homolycorine, pinoresinol | GCMS | ||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 35.72 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Aerial | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 61.05 μg/ml | Graciline, 5,6-dihydrobicolorine, galanthindole, 6-O-methylpretazettine, tazettine, homolycorine, demethylhomolycorine, 3-O-demethylmacronine, hippeastrine | ||||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 69.83 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus krasnovii Khokhr. | Bulb | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 8.26 μg/ml | Hordenine, O-methylnorbelladine, 1-acetyl-β-Carboline, Trisphaeridine, 5,6-dihydrobicolorine, Vittatine, 11,12-dehydrolycorene, Demethylmaritidine, Anhydrolycorine, 11-OH vittatine, 11,12-didehydroanhydrolycorine, Pseudolycorine | GCMS | ||||
| BuCHE | IC50: 6.23 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Aerial | Alkaloid fraction | AChE | IC50: 23.52 μg/mL | Hordenine, O-methylnorbelladine, 1-acetyl-B-Carboline, 11,12-dehydrolycorene, Anhydrolycorine, 11-OH vittatine, 11,12-didehydroanhydrolycorine, Pseudolycorine | ||||||
| BuCHE | IC50:14.91 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Antibacterial | Galanthus transcaucas-icus Fomin | Bulb | Ethanol extract | Ethanol extract | MIC: 9.275 mg/ml | — | Disruption of membrane structure by inhibiting enzymes in cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis. | — | Sharifzadeh et al. (2010) | |
| Chloroform fraction | Chloroform fraction | MIC: 1.17 mg/ml | — | — | ||||||
| Galanthus plicatus subsp. byzantinus (Baker) D.A. Webb | Aerial | Ethanol extract | S.epidermidis: S.pyrogene | Zone of inhibition: | Chloramphenicol: S. epidermis 29.75 mm; S. pyogenes | — | Turker and Koyluoglu (2012) | |||
| S. epidermis | 7.25 mm | 33.75 mm, P. vulgaris | ||||||||
| S. pyogenes | 12.50 mm | 20.50 mm; K. pneumonia | ||||||||
| P. vulgaris | 8.25 mm | 28.50 mm | ||||||||
| K. pneumonia | 7.25 mm | |||||||||
| Galanthus transcaucas-icus Fomin | Bulb | Methanol extract | B. subtilis | 0.82 cm | Kanamycin | 2-furancarboxaldehyde , Gallic Acid, Syringic Acid, Catecin And Ferulic Acid | HPLC, GCMS | Karimi et al. (2018) | ||
| B. cereus | 0.71 cm | B. subtilis: 1.28; | ||||||||
| S.aureus | 0.35 cm | B. cereus 1.36; S. aureus 1.17; | ||||||||
| E. coli | 0.85 cm | E. coli 1.42; | ||||||||
| P. aeruginosa | 0.46 cm | P. aeruginosa 1.21 cm | 2,3-butanediol, Acetic acid, Naringin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Genistein | |||||||
| Flower | Methanol extract | B. subtilis | 1.05 cm | |||||||
| B. cereus | 1.22 cm | |||||||||
| S.aureus | 0.76 cm 76 cm | |||||||||
| E. coli | 1.16 cm | |||||||||
| P. aeruginosa | 0.98 cm | |||||||||
| Shoot | Methanol extract | B. subtilis | 1.12 cm | Acetic acid, n-hexadecenoic acid, 4H-pyran-4-one, Naringin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Genistein | ||||||
| B. cereus | 1.18 cm | |||||||||
| S.aureus | 0.92 cm | |||||||||
| E. coli | 1.29 cm | |||||||||
| P. aeruginosa | 1.06 cm | Gentamicin | Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Isoquercitrin, Quercitrin | HPLC | Benedec et al. (2018) | |||||
| Galanthus nivalis L. | Aerial | Ethanol extract | S. enteritidis | 6 mm | S. enteritidis: 19; | |||||
| E coli | 6 mm | E coli 18; | ||||||||
| L. monocytogenes | 10 mm | L. monocytogenes 10; | ||||||||
| S. aureus | 18 mm 8 mm | S. aureus 22 mm; | ||||||||
| C. albicans | 6 mm | Fluconazole: | ||||||||
| A. brasillensis | 16 mm | C. albicans 25 mm, | ||||||||
| 16 mm | Amphotericin B: | |||||||||
| A. brasillensis: 21 mm | ||||||||||
| S. enteritidis | MIC: 625 mm | |||||||||
| E coli | 2,500 mm | |||||||||
| L. monocytogenes | 312.5 mm | |||||||||
| S. aureus | 19.53 mm | |||||||||
| C. albicans | 19.53 mm | |||||||||
| A. brasillensis | 1,250 mm | |||||||||
| 78.13 mm78.13 mm | ||||||||||
| Antifungal | Galanthus transcaucas-icus Fomin | Bulb | Ethanol extract | C. albicans | MIC: 150 unit/Ml | — | — | Sharifzadeh et al. (2010) | ||
| Chloroform fraction | S. aureus | MIC: 1.17 mg/ml | ||||||||
| Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. | Bulb | Ethanol extract | C. albican | MIC:1024 ug/mL | — | Galanthamine, Tazettine | GCMS | Ločárek et al. (2015) | ||
| C. dubliniensis | 1024 ug/mL | |||||||||
| C. glabrata | 512 ug/mL | |||||||||
| C. dubliniensis | 512 ug/mL | |||||||||
| Galanthamine | C. dubliniensi | MCF512 ug/mL | ||||||||
| L. elongiosporus, | 512 ug/mL | |||||||||
| Tazzetine | C. dubliniensi | 512 ug/mL | ||||||||
| L.elongiosporus | 512 ug/mL | |||||||||
| Galanthus nivalis L. | Aerial | Ethanol extract | C. albicans | Zone of inhibition:6 mm | Fluconazole ( C. albicans 25 mm), Amphotericin B ( A. brasiliensis : 10 mm) | Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Isoquercitrin, Quercitrin | HPLC | Benedec et al. (2018) | ||
| A. brasiliensis | 16 mm | |||||||||
| A. brasiliensis | MIC: 78.13 μg/ml | |||||||||
| C. albicans | MIC: 1250 μg/ml | — | ||||||||
| Antiprotozoal | Galanthus trojanus A.P.Davis and Özhatay | Whole plant | Arolycoricidine | T. b. rhodesiense | IC50 5.99 μg/ml | Melarsoprol ( T b. rhodesiense | Direct inhibition of the enzyme involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS) pathway. | 1-O-acetyldihydromethylpseudolycorine N-oxide, 11-hydroxyvittatine N-oxide, Arolycoricidine , (+)-haemanthamine, (+)-narcidine, O-methylnorbelladine, (–)-stylopine, (–)-dihydrolycorine, protopine, (+)-8-O-Demethylmaritidine, Nicotinic acid, Tyramine | Column chromatography, preparative TLC | Kaya et al. (2011) |
| P. falciparum | IC50: 0.004 μg/ml), Benznidazole ( T. cruzi | |||||||||
| T. b. rhodesiense | IC50: 0.36 μg/ml), Chloroquine (P. falciparum | |||||||||
| T. b. rhodesiense | IC50 4.44 μg/ml | IC50: 0.0065 μg/ml) | ||||||||
| (+)-haemanthamine | T. cruzi | IC50 3.35 μg/ml | ||||||||
| P. falciparum | IC50 4.44 μg/ml | |||||||||
| T. b. rhodesiense | IC50 1.80 μg/ml | |||||||||
| P. falciparum | IC50 2.75 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Dihydrolycorine | Cytotoxicity | IC50 3.10 μg/ml | ||||||||
| L6 cells | IC50 0.23 μg/ml | |||||||||
| KB cells | IC50 > 90 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Stylopine | T. b. rhodesiense | IC50 > 50 μg/ml | ||||||||
| P. falciparum | IC50 8.71 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Protopine | Cytotoxicity | IC50 0.50 μg/ml | ||||||||
| L6 cells | IC50 63.30 μg/ml | |||||||||
| KB cells | IC50 > 50 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Antiviral | Galanthus. elwesii Hook.f. | Bulb | Ethanol extract | Herpes simplex virus | Antiviral conc 8 μg/ml | — | Inhibition of the viral replication and host cell lysis. | Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) | Hudson et al. (2000) | |
| Bulb | Ethanol extract | Sindbis virus | Antiviral conc 16 μg/ml | — | Direct inactivation of the viral particles. | |||||
| Galanthus reginae-olgae Orph. subsp. vernalis Kamari | Aerial | Methanol extract | DPPH | IC50: 39 ± 0.067 μg/ml | DPPH:Ascorbic acid (2 ± 0.011 μg/ml) | Direct inhibition of ROS | — | GCMS | Conforti et al. (2010) | |
| Lipid Peroxidation | 1000 μg/ml | Lipid Peroxidation: Propyl gallate (7 ± 0.017 μg/ml) | Inhibition of formation of free malonaldehyde (MDA) as the result of oxidation in lipid | |||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching | 11 ± 0.016 μg/ml | β-Carotene bleaching: Propyl gallate; (1 ± 0.009 μg/ml), DPPH:Ascorbic acid (2 ± 0.011 μg/ml) | Inhibition of peroxyl radicals damage on β-Carotene | |||||||
| Hexane fraction | DPPH | IC50: > 1,000 μg/ml | 1-metil-4-etossi-, δ, (3)pirrolin-2-one, Neophytadiene, Exadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Exadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecandienoic acid, methyl ester, [E, E], 9,12,15-octadecantrienoic acid, methyl ester, [Z, Z,Z], 2-exadecen-1-ol-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-[R-[R*,R*-(E)]], 9,12,15-octadecantrienal, 9,12-octadecandienoic acid [Z,Z]-2-idrossi-1-[idrossimethyl] ethylester, 2-monolinolenin, 1-octadecene, 9-α-fluoro-5-α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3,15-dione, Vitamin E, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.β.,24 E), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.β.,24 S), Stigmast-5,24(38)-dien-3-ol, (3.β.,24 E) | |||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | >1000 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching | 16 ± 0.045 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | DPPH | IC50: 146 ± 0.238 μg/ml | Galanthamine, Lycorine, Tazettine | |||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 74 ± 0.139 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleachingβ-Carotene bleaching: | 9 ± 0.018 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Ethyl acetate fraction | DPPH | IC50: 10 ± 0.020 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 962 ± 1.231 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching | 12 ± 0.017 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Bulb | Methanol extract | DPPH | IC50: 29 ± 0.051 μg/ml | — | Neophytadiene, Exadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecandienoic acid, methyl ester,[E,E], 9,12,15-octadecantrienoic acid, methyl ester,[Z,Z,Z], 9,12-octadecandienoic acid [Z,Z]-2-idrossi-1-[idrossimethyl] ethylester | |||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 1000 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching | 92 ± 0.231 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Hexane fraction | DPPH | IC50: > 1,000 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 1,000 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | >100 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching | ||||||||||
| Alkaloid fraction | DPPH | IC50: 15 ± 0.031 μg/ml | Galanthamine, Lycorine, Tazettine, Crinine, Neronine | |||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 273 ± 0.345 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching: | 15 ± 0.035 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Ethyl acetate fraction | DPPH | IC50: 148 ± 0.231 μg/ml | — | |||||||
| Lipid Peroxidation | 1000 μg/ml | |||||||||
| β-Carotene bleaching: | 10 ± 0.019 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus transcaucas-icus Fomin | Bulb | Methanol extract | DPPH | IC50: 171.07 μg/ml | Vitamin C (65.62 μg/ml), Vitamin E | Direct inhibition of ROS. | 2-furancarboxaldehyde | HPLC, GCMS | Karimi et al. (2018) | |
| (60.39 μg/ml), BHT (83.75 μg/ml) | ||||||||||
| Flower | DPPH | IC50: 132.61 μg/ml | 2,3-butanediol, Acetic acid | |||||||
| Shoot | DPPH | IC50: 125.07 μg/ml | Acetic acid, n-hexadecenoic acid, 4H-pyran-4-one | |||||||
| Galanthus transcaucas-icus Fomin | Bulb | ABTS | IC50: 292.73 ± 1.94 μg/ml | Trolox (191.36 ± 2.02 μg/ml) | Gallic acid, Syringic acid, Catechin, Ferulic acid, Naringin, fla, rutin | |||||
| Flower | ABTS | IC50: 267.47 ± 1.45 μg/ml | Gallic acid, Resorcinol, Syringic acid, Naringin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Genistein | |||||||
| Shoot | ABTS | IC50: 238.27 ± 1.61 μg/ml | Gallic acid, Syringic acid, ferulic acid, Naringin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Genistein | |||||||
| Galanthus transcauca-sicus Fomin | Bulb | Methanol extract | FRAP | IC50: 151.21 ± 1.28 μg/ml | Vitamin C (96.15 ± 1.37) μg/ml, Vitamin E (66.84 ± 1.72 μg/ml), BHT (83.75 ± 1.87 μg/ml) | Reducing ferric ion (3+) to form ferrous ion (2+). | Gallic acid, Syringic acid, catecin, Ferulic acid, Naringin, Kaempferol, Rutin | |||
| Flower | FRAP | IC50: 137.05 ± 1.36 μg/ml | Gallic acid, Resorcinol, Syringic acid, Naringin, Quercetin, Apigenin, Genistein | |||||||
| Shoot | FRAP | IC50: 107.42 ± 1.03 μg/ml | Gallic acid, Syringic acid, Ferulic acid, Naringin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Genistein | |||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | — | Hexane extract | DPPH | IC50: 69.07 ± 0.42 μg/ml | BHT (9.92 ± 0.23 μg/ml), BHA (5.37 ± 0.21 μg/ml), Trolox (5.77 ± 0.12 μg/ml) | Direct inhibition of ROS. | – | Genç et al. (2019) | ||
| Chloroform extract | DPPH | IC50: 34.63 ± 0.21 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Ethyl acetate extract | DPPH | IC50: 28.14 ± 0.40 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | — | Hexane extract | CUPRAC | 0.49 ± 0.03 μmol TE/mg | BHT (3.63 ± 0.18), BHA (2.87 ± 0.18) | Reducing copper (2+) to copper (+). | — | |||
| Chloroform extract | CUPRAC | 0.98 ± 0.17 μmol TE/mg | ||||||||
| Ethyl acetate extract | CUPRAC | 0.72 ± 0.01 μmol TE/mg | ||||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | — | Hexane extract | ABTS | IC50: 28.51 ± 1.27 μg/ml | BHT (5.38 ± 0.18 μg/ml), BHA (8.80 ± 0.06 μg/ml), Trolox (5.57 ± 0.09 μg/ml) | Direct inhibition of cation ROS. | — | |||
| Chloroform extract | ABTS | IC50: 16.84 ± 0.49 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Ethyl acetate extract | ABTS | IC50: 13.09 ± 0.20 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Galanthus krasnovii Khokhr. | — | Dichloromethane extract | CUPRAC | 1.15 µmol TE/mg | — | Reducing copper (2+) to copper (+). | — | Erenler et al. (2019) | ||
| Ethyl acetate extract | CUPRAC | 0.77 μmol TE/mg | ||||||||
| Hexane extract | CUPRAC | 0.75 μmol TE/mg | ||||||||
| Galanthus krasnovii Khokhr. | — | Dichloromethane extract | ABTS | 14.33 μg/ml | BHA (8.8 μg/ml) | |||||
| Ethyl acetate extract | ABTS | 14.98 μg/ml | ||||||||
| Galanthus nivalis L. | Leaf | Methanol extract | DPPH | 77% | Ascorbic acid (93%) | – Galanthamine | HPLC | Bulduk and Karafakıoğlu (2019) | ||
| Leaf | ABTS | 20 ± 0.78 μmol TE/100 g | Trolox | — | ||||||
| Bulb | ABTS | 19 ± 0.80 μmol TE/100 g | Trolox | |||||||
| Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. | Leaf | Methanol extract | ABTS | 20 ± 0.85 μmol TE/100 g | ||||||
| Bulb | ABTS | 17 ± 0.78 μmol TE/100 g | ||||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | Leaf | ABTS | 23 ± 0.64 μmol TE/100 g | |||||||
| Bulbs | ABTS | 21 ± 0.710 μmol TE/100 g | ||||||||
| Anticancer | Galanthus kemulariae Kuth. (accepted name: Galanthus lagodechia-nus Kem.-Nath.) | Aerial | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 36.4 ± 1.8 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | Signal-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis). | — | Jokhadze et al. (2007) | |
| HeLa | CC50: 58.2 ± 5.9 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 53.8 ± 6.4 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 12.2 ± 2.7 μg/ml | |||||||
| HeLa | CC50: 37.1 ± 4.7 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 34.3 ± 3.9 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus lagodechia-nus Kem.-Nath. | Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 11.1 ± 3.4 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 34.8 ± 6.3 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 45.6 ± 3.5 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. | Aerial | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 22.0 ± 3.8 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | – | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 41.3 ± 3.3 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 39.4 ± 2.8 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus krasnovii Khokhr. | Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 5.8 ± 0.9 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 15.4 ± 3.7 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 13.8 ± 1.2 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 7.7 ± 1.6 μg/ml | |||||||
| HeLa | CC50: 18.9 ± 3.9 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 22.0 ± 2.4 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus alpinus Sosn. | Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 9.6 ± 0.8 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 21.3 ± 4.5 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 23.7 ± 1.7 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus shaoricus Kem.-Nath. | Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 8.9 ± 1.6 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 17.2 ± 2.1 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 16.4 ± 0.9 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus platyphyllu-s Traub and Moldenke | Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 14.2 ± 2.7 μg/ml | alanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 11.5 ± 1.7 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 19.1 ± 1.0 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Galanthus caucasicus (Baker) Grossh. (accepted name: Galanthus alpinus var. alpinus) | Aerial | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 49.5 ± 4.8 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | — | ||||
| HeLa | CC50: 42.8 ± 2.8 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 39.3 ± 2.3 μg/ml | |||||||||
| Bulb | Methanol extract | HCT-116 | CC50: 23.4 ± 3.7 μg/ml | Galanthamine (>28.7 μg/ml), Tazettine (>33.1 μg/ml), Lycorine (0.88 μg/ml) | ||||||
| HeLa | CC50: 32.1 ± 3.7 μg/ml | |||||||||
| HL-60 | CC50: 31.9 ± 1.5 μg/ml |
a
Effective dose: Dose that gives significant results with p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001.
1H-NMR, hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; CC50, half maximal cytotoxic and inhibitory concentration; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EC50, half maximal effective concentration; EIMS, electron ionization mass spectrometry; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography, IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; MFC, minimal fungicidal concentration; NA, no activity; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SE, standard error; TLC, thin layer chromatography.