TABLE 1.

Summary of literatures regarding tumour or immune cell‐intrinsic autophagy in the modulation of tumour immunity

Mechanisms involved in regulating tumour immunity	Tumour type	Source of autophagy	Authors	Year	The impact of autophagy on tumours
HPV16 E7‐STING and IFN‐I↓‐CTLs suppression MHC‐I degradation‐antigen presentation↓‐ CTL↓ Mitophagy‐CTL inhibition Mitophagy‐ICD‐ CTL and DC activation↑	HNSCC Pancreatic cancer Ovarian cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma	HNSCC Pancreatic cancer Tim‐4+ macrophages Hepatocellular carcinoma	Luo et al 31 Yamamoto et al 42 Xia et al 10 Yu et al 74	2020 2020 2020 2020	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
p‐STAT3↑‐PD‐L1↑‐CTL inhibition MHC‐I and antigen presentation↑‐DC activation Mitophagy‐inflammasome activation↓	Lung adenocarcinoma Glioblastoma Hepatocellular carcinoma	Lung adenocarcinoma Glioblastoma Hepatocellular carcinoma	Liu et al 46 Li et al 67 Li et al 73	2019 2019 2019	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting Tumour‐inhibiting
M2 macrophage‐TLR4‐mediated MyD88↑‐p38↑‐STAT3↑‐PD‐L1, IL10↑‐CTL↓ SOX2‐STING↓‐IFN‐I↓‐CD8+ T cells↓ Macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxicity↓ Macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxicity↓ and CD8+ T cells↓ Maintain function of MDSC and MHC‐II↓,CD4 T cells inhibition Mitophagy‐MHC‐I and antigen presentation by DCs↑	Melanoma HNSCC Glioblastoma Glioblastoma Melanoma Colorectal cancer	TRAPs HNSCC Glioblastoma Glioblastoma MDSC Colorectal cancer	Wen et al 24 Tan et al 30 Zhang et al 21 Zhang et al 23 Alissafi et al 58 Ziegler et al 68	2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
Macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxicity↓ Tumour‐derived CCL5↓‐NK cell infiltration↓ Maintaining memory T cell‐CD8+ T cells↑ upon stimulation	NSCLC Melanoma Breast cancer	NSCLC Melanoma CD8+ T cells	Zhang et al 22 Mgrditchian et al 18 Curry et al 71	2017 2017 2017	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
Inhibiting mTORC1 and c‐Myc function and glycolytic metabolism‐maintaining Treg function Maintain survival and function of MDSCs	Colon adenocarcinoma Breast cancer	Treg MDSC	Wei et al 56 Parker et al 57	2016 2016	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting
Cx43 in tumour cells↓‐NK cells↓ Maintain survival and function of neutrophils	Melanoma Hepatocellular carcinoma	Melanoma Neutrophils	Tittarelli et al 15 Li et al 60	2015 2015	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting
Autophagy sensor ITPR1↑‐NK‐derived granzyme B degradation Adenosinergic signalling↓‐Treg↓ in early phase of tumorigenesis	Renal cancer NSCLC	Renal cancer NSCLC	Messai et al 17 Rao et all 61	2014 2014	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
Granzyme B released into tumour cells by NK cells↓ CTL cytotoxicity↓ Calreticulin ↓‐maturation of IL‐6 secreting DCs, IFNγ released by CTLs↓ Antigen presentation of myeloid cells↓‐CTL↓ Infiltrated M2 macrophage↓	Breast cancer Breast cancer Bladder cancer, cervical cancer and melanoma Colon cancer, melanoma Hepatocellular carcinoma	Breast cancer Breast cancer Tumour cells Myeloid cells Macrophage	Baginska et al 12 Akalay et al 47 Garg et al 50 Baghdadi et al 59 Lin et al 70	2013 2013 2013 2013 2013	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
Antigen presentation by DCs↑‐CD8+ T cells↑	Breast cancer and lung cancer	TRAPs	Li et al 65	2012	Tumour‐inhibiting
p‐STAT3↑‐tumour susceptibility to CTL‐mediated lysis↑ IFN‐I↓‐CD8+ T cells↓, CXCL10↓ ICD↑‐ATP release into TME↑‐IL‐1β from DCs↑‐Tumour lysis‐DC phagocytosis and antigen presentation↑‐CTL activation↑	Lung cancer and melanoma Breast cancer Colon cancer	Lung cancer and melanoma Breast cancer Colon cancer	Noman et al 45 Wei et al 41 Michaud et al 53	2011 2011 2011	Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐promoting Tumour‐inhibiting
p‐STAT3↑‐DC maturation↓‐CTL cytotoxicity↓	Melanoma and lung cancer	Melanoma and lung cancer	Yu et al 43	2007	Tumour‐promoting

Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CCL5, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; Cx43, Connexin 43; DC, dendritic cell; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ICD, immunogenic cell death; IFN‐I, type I interferon; ITPR1, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor, type 1; MDSC, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells; MHC, major histocompatibility class; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; NK, natural killer cells; NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TLR4, Toll‐like receptor 4; TME, tumour microenvironment; TRAPs, tumour cell‐released autophagosomes; Treg, regulatory T cells.