Table 3. Characteristics Associated With All-Cause Mortality in People Experiencing Homelessness Who Engaged in an OBAT Program.

Patient characteristic	Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (per 10-y increment)	1.34 (1.16-1.54)	<.001
Sex
Female	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
Male	0.99 (0.71-1.38)	.96
Race/ethnicity
White	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
Non-Hispanic Black	0.67 (0.43-1.06)	.08
Hispanic	0.73 (0.52-1.03)	.07
Other/unknown	0.78 (0.42-1.47)	.45
Housing status
Othera	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
Shelter/street	0.73 (0.54-0.98)	.03
Clinical characteristics
Charlson comorbidity index
0-1	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
≥2	1.55 (1.10-2.18)	.001
Alcohol use disorder	1.23 (0.85-1.77)	.27
Other drug use disorder	0.92 (0.63-1.34)	.65
Serious mental illnessb	0.86 (0.55-1.35)	.51
Medication prescriptionsc
Benzodiazepine	0.66 (0.20-2.14)	.49
Opioidd	0.64 (0.16-2.60)	.53
Antidepressant	0.49 (0.23-1.08)	.08
Antipsychotic	0.93 (0.32-2.66)	.89
Other sedating medicationse	1.05 (0.32-3.47)	.94
Naloxone	1.19 (0.29-4.95)	.81
Addiction treatment–related characteristics
Year of first OBAT encounter
2008-2013	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
2014-2018	1.27 (0.90-1.79)	.17
Site of first OBAT encounter
Clinic	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
Shelter/outreach	0.58 (0.36-0.93)	.03
OBAT attendancec
Out of care	1 [Reference]	[Reference]
In care	0.34 (0.21-0.55)	<.001

Abbreviation: OBAT, office-based addiction treatment.

^aIncludes assisted living facility, doubled up, housing with and without supportive services, motel, respite home, residential treatment center, skilled nursing facility, transitional housing, other housing status, and unknown housing status.

^bIncludes a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and/or schizophrenia.

^cTime-varying, measured on a monthly basis.

^dExcludes buprenorphine.

^eIncludes nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics and trazodone.