Table 1. Return-to-Play Cardiac Screening in Professional Athletes Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
| Characteristic | Individuals, No. (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Basketball Association | Major League Soccer | Major League Baseball | National Hockey League | National Football League | Total professional athlete cohort | ||
| Men | Women | ||||||
| Total athletes positive for COVID-19, No. | 109 | 12 | 70 | 181 | 68 | 349 | 789 |
| Age, mean (range), y | 25 (19-35) | 27 (21-33) | 25 (18-31) | 25 (19-38) | 25 (19-41) | 25 (21-37) | 25 (19-41) |
| COVID-19 symptom burden | |||||||
| Preceding viral symptoms | 71 (65.1) | 8 (67) | 33 (47) | 109 (60.2) | 51 (75) | 188 (53.9) | 460 (58.3) |
| Asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic | 38 (34.9) | 4 (33) | 37 (53) | 72 (39.8) | 17 (25) | 161 (46.1) | 329 (41.7) |
| COVID-19 test | |||||||
| Polymerase chain reaction | 75 (68.8) | 9 (75) | 51 (73) | 172 (95.0) | 54 (79) | 226 (64.8) | 587 (74.4) |
| Antibody | 34 (31.2) | 3 (25) | 19 (27) | 9 (5.0) | 14 (21) | 123 (35.2) | 202 (25.6) |
| Days between COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction test and cardiac screen, mean (range) | 32 (9-124) | 23 (14-60) | 14 (13-16) | 21 (3-90) | 18 (9-97) | 17 (3-156) | 19 (3-156) |
| Abnormal cardiac testing results | |||||||
| Troponina | 3 (2.8) | 1 (8) | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 6 (0.8) |
| Electrocardiogramb | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (2.8) | 0 | 5 (1.4) | 10 (1.3) |
| Echocardiogramc | 2 (1.8) | 3 (25) | 3 (4) | 6 (3.3) | 1 (1) | 5 (1.4) | 20 (2.5) |
a
An abnormal troponin level was defined as a level greater than the 99th percentile of the reference laboratory value.
b
An abnormal electrocardiogram was defined as meeting international recommendations9 and demonstrating findings raising concern for potential acute cardiac injury.
c
An abnormal echocardiogram was defined by ventricular dysfunction or another finding raising concern for potential acute cardiac injury.