Fig. 4.

CaCO₃ NP-based stabilized Pickering emulsion displayed φ-dependent emulsification properties. a Visual appearance of emulsions (c = 4 % w/v) with φ ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. Samples were placed into vials just after preparation and then photos were taken after standing at room temperature for 12 h. b Micrographic images of the six representative emulsions (c = 4 % w/v and φ = 0.3–0.8). Scale bars: 200 µm. c, d d₃₂ and DSD of the selected emulsions with φ increment of 0.2, between 0.2 and 0.8. Data are mean ± standard deviation of the triplicates. Bars with different letters (a, b, c, and d) indicate statistically significant (p < 0.05) different samples