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. 2021 Mar 4;21:152. doi: 10.1186/s12935-021-01853-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — A MCTs generation in a microfluidic device. (a) Schematics of a microchip containing of 4 rows of microchambers that contain 7 microwells [130].

Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (b) A schematic diagram of the pneumatic microstructure array and its operating principle [141]. Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) A schematic diagram of the microfluidic pillar array with cell seeding and collection processes [143]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Schematic and optical images of droplet-based microfluidic systems for MCT fabrication [53]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. B High-throughput drug screening. (a) Microfluidic device for rapid tumor spheroid growth consisting of a semi-permeable polycarbonate membrane [52]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) The microfluidic device generates a concentration gradient of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The fluorescent images of channels and concave microwells (C1–C5) were taken 16 h after an injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and FITC [133]. Copyright 2018, Permits unrestricted use. (c). The architecture and operation of the software-programmable microfluidic platform [154]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry