Figure 10.

Knowledge of the retroperitoneal anatomy helps target specific spaces to optimise hydrodissection. The RRP lies between the PPS and the PS. The APS contains the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum (D), the pancreas (P) and the descending (and ascending) colon (C). The RMP separate the APS from the PS and is continuous with the RRP. The stomach (S) is an intraperitoneal organ. APS, anterior pararenalspace; PPS, posterior pararenal space; PS, perinephric space; RMP, retromesentericplane; RRP, retrorenal plane.