Table 2.

A summary of thermal sensitive structures and means of protection during renal tumour cryotherapy

Structures requiring protection	Patient positioning	Primary protective methods	Secondary protective methods
Lung	Ipsilateral side-down	Artificial pneumothorax	Angle gantry/transhepatic treatment
Pleura
Bowel	Ipsilateral side-up	Hydrodissection	Balloon interposition/probe torque
Pancreatic tail
Rib neurovascular bundle, abdominal wall, genitofemoral nerve
Ureter		Stent	Pneumodissection/probe torque
Collecting system		Renal sinus pneumodissection