Dose–volume histogram for an example patient (Patient 9) planned for proton therapy. (a) Optimization (non-contrast) vs verification (contrast) for the SECT method. (b) Optimization (non-contrast) vs verification (contrast) for the DLCT method. CTV, clinical target
volume; DLCT, dual layer CT; HU, Hounsfield unit; SECT,
single-energy CT; SPR, stopping-power ratio.