Table 4.
Multivariate analysis for behavioural and clinical covariates associated with type 2 diabetes
| Omani | Non-Omani | Total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Diabetes n (%) | Odds Ratio (P(95% CI)) |
Multivariant Regression Analysis | Total N | Diabetes n (%) | Odds Ratio (P(95% CI)) |
Multivariant Regression Analysis | Total N | Diabetes n (%) | Odds Ratio (P(95% CI)) |
Multivariant Regression Analysis | |
| P(95% CI) | P(95% CI) | P(95% CI) | ||||||||||
| Smoking | 0.317 | 0.606 | 0.98 | |||||||||
| Yes | 224 | 38 (12.78) | Ref | 302 | 66 (21.21) | Ref | 526 | 104 (16.67) | Ref | |||
| No | 4096 | 669 (14.65) | −0.44 (0.223) | 1540 | 281 (18.42) | 0.12 (0.653) | 5636 | 950 (15.61) | −0.07 (0.747) | |||
| Raised Blood pressurea | 0.008 | 0.159 | 0.002 | |||||||||
| No | 2959 | 322 (8.65) | Ref | 1233 | 185 (13.3) | Ref | 4192 | 507 (9.84) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1361 | 385 (26.84) | 0.56**(0.004) | 609 | 162 (28.14) | 0.33 (0.133) | 1970 | 547 (27.23) | 0.51***(0.001) | |||
| ≥ 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetable daily | 0.561 | 0.554 | 0.868 | |||||||||
| No | 2706 | 447 (13.2) | Ref | 1360 | 262 (18.43) | Ref | 4066 | 709 (14.85) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1614 | 260 (16.22) | −0.07 (0.683) | 482 | 85 (19.71) | 0.17 (0.446) | 2096 | 345 (16.95) | 0.05 (0.753) | |||
| BMI ≥ 30 | 0.58 | 0.349 | 0.673 | |||||||||
| No | 2879 | 397 (12.18) | Ref | 1512 | 262 (17.17) | Ref | 4391 | 659 (13.73) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1441 | 310 (19.26) | −0.19 (0.320) | 330 | 85 (25.74) | 0.22 (0.367) | 1771 | 395 (20.42) | −0.11 (0.453) | |||
| Family history of blood pressure | 0.938 | 0.902 | 0.976 | |||||||||
| No | 2591 | 425 (13.2) | Ref | 1281 | 227 (16.44) | Ref | 3872 | 652 (14.18) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1729 | 282 (16.27) | −0.05 (0.819) | 561 | 120 (23.44) | 0.05 (0.832) | 2290 | 402 (17.89) | −0.002 (0.988) | |||
| Family history of diabetes | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| No | 2787 | 402 (10.87) | Ref | 1317 | 219 (15.51) | Ref | 4104 | 621 (12.26) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1533 | 305 (19.7) | 1.02***(0.000) | 525 | 128 (25.53) | 0.54*(0.015) | 2058 | 433 (21.04) | 0.83***(0.000) | |||
| Family history of total cholesterol | 0.677 | 0.309 | 0.285 | |||||||||
| No | 3210 | 526 (14.55) | Ref | 1542 | 290 (19.11) | Ref | 4752 | 816 (15.92) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1110 | 181 (14.49) | −0.05 (0.829) | 300 | 57 (17.6) | −0.30 (0.320) | 1410 | 238 (15.1) | −0.16 (0.366) | |||
| Waist-to-Hip Ratiob | 0.001 | 0.126 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Normal | 1365 | 115 (5.59) | Ref | 566 | 82 (10.74) | Ref | 1931 | 197 (6.88) | Ref | |||
| Abnormal | 2705 | 560 (20.18) | 0.68**(0.002) | 1256 | 265 (23.08) | 0.33 (0.184) | 3961 | 825 (21.02) | 0.57***(0.001) | |||
| Hypertriglyceridemiac | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| No | 3365 | 481 (12.39) | Ref | 1132 | 166 (14.41) | Ref | 4497 | 647 (12.85) | Ref | |||
| Yes | 955 | 226 (22.5) | 0.56**(0.004) | 710 | 181 (25.75) | 0.51*(0.014) | 1665 | 407 (23.82) | 0.57***(0.000) | |||
| Physical activity | 0.755 | 0.36 | 0.943 | |||||||||
| Insufficient | 2177 | 386 (15.98) | Ref | 668 | 126 (21.39) | Ref | 2845 | 512 (17.13) | Ref | |||
| Sufficient | 2143 | 321 (13.51) | 0.05 (0.739) | 1174 | 221 (17.72) | 0.12 (0.561) | 3317 | 542 (14.81) | 0.06 (0.659) | |||
CI Confidence interval; p values in parentheses, * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001; aSBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 and/or currently on medication; bAbnormal defined as > 0.85 for female & > 0.90 for male; c Serum triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L