TABLE 2.
Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate, clinical exposure
| Description | Biological sample | Mean concentration, μg/L (range) | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient samples | |||||
| NICU patients RBC exchange transfusion |
Plasma | DEHP 5.8–19.6 μg/ml MEHP 5 μg/ml (maximum) |
Sjoberg, Bondesson, Sedin, & Gustafsson, 1985 | ||
| NICU patients RBC exchange transfusion |
Plasma | DEHP 2.3–19.9 μg/ml (range) MEHP 1.1–15.6 μg/ml (range) |
Sjoberg et al., 1985 | ||
| Infants, bypass Age range: 2 months to 2 years |
Whole blood | DEHP 1.10–5.06 μg/ml (range) MEHP 0.06–2.66 μg/ml (range) |
Barry, Labow, Keon, Tocchi, & Rock, 1989 | ||
| NICU patients, ECMO | Plasma | DEHP 0–24.18 μg/ml (range) | Karle et al., 1997 | ||
| NICU patients High exposure group |
Urine | MEHP 86 (median) | Green et al., 2005 | ||
| NICU patients, w/o IV injections Median |
Urine | MEHP 73.3 (38.8–157) MEHHP 62.8 (18.7–833) MEOHP 49.7 (17.1–261) ∑DEHP 155 (78.0–1,203) |
Su et al., 2012 | ||
| NICU patients, with IV injections Median |
MEHP 178 (48.9–1,273) MEHHP 393 (41.5–10,225) MEOHP 266 (27.1–9,268) ∑DEHP 805 (160–20,766) |
||||
| NICU patients (preterm) Gestational age range: 28.9 ± 1.5 weeks |
Urine | DEHP 5.8 (0–163.7) MEHP 13 (0–1,234.3) MEOHP 239.6 (0–5,841.5) MEHHP 319.5 (0–5,068.6) |
Demirel et al., 2016 | ||
| NICU patients (preterm) Feeding tube only |
MEHHP 6.9–240.5 | ||||
| NICU patients (preterm) Ongoing intervention |
MEHHP 9.2–255.3 | ||||
| Infants (preoperative) Age range: 5.4 ± 3.8 days |
Urine | MECPP 58.5 (29.4–116.5) MEHHP 10.7 (5.7–20.0) MEOHP 7.2 (3.9–13.2) MEHP 1.7 (0.8–3.9) |
Gaynor et al., 2018 | ||
| Infants (postoperative) Same patients as preoperative |
MECPP 1166.1 (576.7–2,357.9) MEHHP 229.0 (119.6–438.4) MEOHP 148.6 (72.2–305.6) MEHP 27.2 (14.9–49.5) |
||||
| NICU patients (preterm) Median |
Urine | MEHP 7.12 (0.5–72.39) MECPP 49.72 (0.2–304.95 MEHHP 11.84 (0.56–164.58) MEOHP 11.95 (55.0–148.57) |
Stroustrup et al., 2018 | ||
| NICU patients (preterm) Lowest exposure group Median (25th–75th percentile) |
∑DEHP 68.4 (31.0–107.7) | ||||
| NICU patients (preterm) Highest exposure group Median (25th–75th percentile) |
∑DEHP 134.0 (80.0–199.7) | ||||
| Adult ICU patients on ECMO 20–72 years old Median |
Blood | DEHP 156.0 (31.5–1,009), MEHP 15.9 (<LOD to 475), |
Kaestner et al., 2020 | ||
| Adult ICU patients w/ 2+ ECMO cannulas, 20–72 years old Median |
Blood | DEHP 338 (median) MEHP 114.9 (median) |
|||
| Adult ICU patients w/ >1 ECMO membranes, 20–72 years old Median |
Blood | DEHP 535 (median) MEHP 114.9 (median) |
|||
| Adult ICU patients on ECMO w/o urine output, 20–72 years old Median |
Blood | DEHP 823 (median) MEHP 214 (median) |
|||
| Blood/other samples | |||||
| Simulated neonatal exposure, Enteral nutrition |
Nutrition | DEHP 148 μg kg−1 day−1 (maximal) MEHP 3.72 μg kg−1 day−1 (maximal) |
Takatori et al., 2008 | ||
| Packed RBC storage bags Day 1 | RBC supernatant | DEHP 34.3 μM (±20.0 SD) MEHP 3.7 μM (±2.8 SD) |
Rael et al., 2009 | ||
| Packed RBC storage bags Day 42 | DEHP 433.2 μM (±131.2 SD) MEHP 74.0 μM (±19.1 SD) |
||||
| DEHP exposure in blood products Following passage through PVC tubing |
Plasma | DEHP 6.4–29 μg/ml (packed red blood cells) DEHP 27.6–405 μg/ml (fresh frozen plasma) DEHP 34.2–61.4 μg/ml (platelets) |
Mallow & Fox, 2014 | ||
| Unwashed RBC units Median storage time: 8 days |
RBC unit blood | DEHP 5.3–38.1 mg/L (range) MEHP 0.8–14.8 mg/L (range) |
Münch et al., 2020 | ||
| Washed RBC units Average storage time: 31.2 ± 8.8 days |
DEHP 18.0 ± 2.0 mg/L [SD] MEHP 1.0 ± 0.7 mg/L [SD] |
||||