Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Country | Cases (n) | Male (%) | Age (years)§ | Study design | Adjusted-effect (95% CI) | Adjusted variables | Clinical outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hashemi et al. (PMID: 32585065) | USA | 363 | 55.4% | 63.4 ± 16.5 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.91 (0.46–1.81) | Chronic liver disease, age, obesity, male, cardiac diseases, hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disorders | Death |
| Pettit et al. (PMID: 32589784) | USA | 238 | 47.5% | 58.5 ± 17 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.7 (0.4–7.0) | Obesity, age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, cancer, stroke, venous thromboembolism | Mortality |
| Grasselli et al. (PMID: 32667669) | Italy | 3988 | 79.9% | 63 (56–69) | Retrospective study | HR: 1.25 (1.02–1.52) | Age, men, respiratory support, hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, angiotensin receptor blocker therapy, statin, diuretic, positive end-expiratory pressure at admission, fraction of inspired oxygen at admission, arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen at admission | Mortality |
| Tartof et al. (PMID: 32783686) | USA | 6916 | 45% | 49.1 ± 16.6 | Retrospective study | RR: 1.47 (1.02–2.11) | Body mass index, age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, metastatic tumor/cancer, myocardial infarction, other immune condition, organ transplant, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, renal disease, hypertension, asthma, diabetes mellitus status, time | Death |
| Czernichow et al. (PMID: 32815621) | France | 5795 | 65.4% | 59±14 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | Body mass index, age, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, malignancies, history of smoking, sex | Mortality |
| Nimkar et al. (PMID: 32838205) | USA | 327 | 55.7% | 71 (59–82) | Retrospective study | OR: 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | Race, chronic kidney disease in addition to six essential covariates (age, sex, race, hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease) | Mortality |
| Giorgi-Rossi et al. (PMID: 32853230) | Italy | 2653 | 50.1% | 72±24 | Prospective study | HR: 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | Age, sex | Death |
| Esme et al. (PMID: 32871002) | Turkey | 16,942 | 49% | 71.2 ± 8.5 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | Gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression, malnutrition | Mortality |
| Yan et al. (PMID: 32949175) | China | 1103 | 48.6% | 63 (51–71) | Retrospective study | HR: 1.91 (0.46–7.99) | Age, male, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart diseases, chronic kidney diseases, chronic liver diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, tumor, C-reactive protein, d-dimer | Mortality |
| Ioannou et al. (PMID: 32965502) | USA | 10,131 | 91% | 63.6 ± 16.2 | Longitudinal corhot study | HR: 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | All sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, symptoms | Mortality |
| Ghany et al. (PMID: 33024960) | USA | 400 | 40% | 72±8 | Retrospective study | RH: 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | Age, gender, charlson score | Death |
| Graziani et al. (PMID: 33053774) | Spain | 14,339 | 49% | 66±15 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sex, age, heart failure, high blood pressure, stroke, arrythmia, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, sleep apnea, pulmonary thromboembolism, smoking | Death |
| An et al. (PMID: 33127965) | Korea | 10,237 | 39.9% | 44.97±19.79 | Nationwide cohort study | HR: 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | Age, sex, income level, residence, household type, disability, symptom, infection route | Death |
| Zhang et al. (PMID: 33122929) | China | 98 | 59.2% | 63.9 ± 1.4 | Retrospective study | OR: 2.94 (1.22–7.12) | Age, gender, lymphocyte count, glycated hemoglobin, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, N-terminal brain natriuretic propeptide, creatinine | Mortality |
| Shah et al. (PMID: 33169090) | USA | 487 | 56.1% | 68±17 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.36 (0.83–2.21) | Age, gender, patient admitted from home, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular accident, diabetes mellitus, acute kidney injury, initial chest x-ray/computed tomography findings, dyspnea in emergency department noted as positive | Mortality |
| Tomasoni et al. (PMID: 33179839) | Italy | 692 | 69.5% | 67.4 ± 13.2 | Retrospective study | HR: 0.82 (0.47–1.44) | Age, sex, heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, oxygen saturation, arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen, hemoglobin, lymphocytes count, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein on admission, troponin | Death |
| Loffi et al. (PMID: 33229434) | Italy | 1252 | 63.7% | 64.7 ± 15.5 | Retrospective study | HR: 0.94 (0.63–1.41) | Sex, left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, age | Death |
| Rossi et al. (PMID: 33222020) | Italy | 590 | 67.6% | 76.2 (68.2–82.6) | Retrospective study | HR: 1.108 (0.859–1.431) | Age, gender, temperature, arterial partial pressure of oxygen / fraction of inspired oxygen, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, lymphocytes rate, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, malignancy, 3 or more comorbidities, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, alpha blockers, diuretics, beta blockers | Mortality |
| Rosenthal et al. (PMID: 33301018) | USA | 35,302 | 53.4% | 63.6 ± 17.7 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | Age, sex, race, payer type, admission point of origin, hospital region, hospital beds, hospital teaching status, statin, vitamin C, zinc, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, b blocker, calcium channel blocker, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin use, sepsis, acute kidney failure, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, acidosis, acute liver damage, neurological disorder, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, dementia, diabetes, any malignant neoplasm, metastatic solid tumor, hemiplegia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hypertension | Mortality |
| Ozyilmaz et al. (PMID: 33322097) | Turkey | 105 | 72.4% | 45 (20–87) | Retrospective study | OR: 4.060 (0.011–1555.792) | Troponin I, C-reactive protein, lymphocyte count, shortness of breath, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease | Mortality |
| Lohia et al. (PMID: 33453090) | USA | 1871 | 51.6% | 66 (54–75) | Retrospective study | OR: 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | Age, sex, race, smoking, body mass index, insurance and comorbidities which include coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease on dialysis, any malignancy, any liver disease, history of previous stroke, hypertension, diabetes | Mortality |
| Gupta et al. (PMID: 33461499) | USA | 473 | 45.5% | 70 (61–80) | Retrospective study | OR: 1.28 (0.75–2.19) | Race, age, sex, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, autoimmune diseases history of cancer, immunocompromised, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease with dialysis, chronic kidney disease without dialysis, end-stage renal disease with dialysis | Mortality |
| Mayer et al. (PMID: 33496668) | Spain | 23,844 | 42.3% | 49.93±19.4 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | Age, sex | Death |
| Muhammad et al. (PMID: 33538998) | USA | 200 | 60.5% | 58.9 ± 15.1 | Retrospective study | OR: 2.12 (0.94–4.77) | Age, hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, history of stroke, oxygen saturation, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, troponin, procalcitonin, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, initial d-dimer, ferritin, highest d-dimer | Mortality |
| Yoshida et al. (PMID: 33546750) | USA | 776 | 47.3% | 60.5 ± 16.1 | Retrospective study | OR: 0.95 (0.53–1.71) | Age, sex, hospital site, the charlson comorbidity index | Death |
| Girardin et al. (PMID: 33550849) | USA | 4446 | 58.1% | 62±18 | Retrospective study | HR: 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | Age, ethnic minority, male sex, low income, smoking, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, sleep apnea, hypertension, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, autoimmune disease, cancer | Mortality |
| Wargny et al. (PMID: 33599800) | France | 2796 | 63.7% | 67.9 ± 13.2 | Retrospective study | OR: 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | Age | Death |
Note:
§
The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range, IQR); USA, the United States of America; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; RH, relative hazard; HR, hazard ratio.