Table 1.
Different antibiotics prescribed to COVID-19 patients and their known AMR threats.
| Prescribed antibiotics in cases of Covid-19 | Antimicrobial resistance (known) | No. of patients and geographical location | Total | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azithromycin, clarithromycin (macrolides) | Helicobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes | 18% Wuhan (25/138) | 54/250 (22%) | [[36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41]] |
| 32% Italy (17/53) | ||||
| 21% Spain (10/48) | ||||
| 18% Thailand (2/11) | ||||
| Moxifloxacin (fluoroquinolones) | Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa | 64% Wuhan (88/138) | 127/205 (62%) | [38,42,43] |
| 58% Wuhan (39/67) | ||||
| Ceftriaxone, Cefoxatime (cephalosporins) | ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, N. gonorrhoeae, P. aeruginosa | 25% Wuhan (35/138) | 112/338 (33%) | [31,[38], [39], [40], [41], [42],44] |
| 32% Italy (17/53) | ||||
| 36% France (14/39) | ||||
| 46% Spain (22/48) | ||||
| 38% Hong Kong (19/49) | ||||
| 45% Thailand (5/11) | ||||
| Piperacillin-tazobactam, Oxacillin, Amoxicillin (penicillin-like) | ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae | 51% France (20/39) | 41/141 (29%) | [11,39,42,31,44] |
| 16% Italy (9/53) | ||||
| 25% Hong Kong (12/49) | ||||
| Linezolid (oxazolidinone) | Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis | 16% Italy (9/53) | 18/101 (17%) | [39,40,45,46] |
| 19% Spain (9/48) | ||||
| levofloxacin (quinolone) | Escherichia coli | 35% Spain (17/48) | 17/48 (35%) | [40,47] |
| Meropenem (carbapenem) | Enterobacteriaceae sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae | 25% Hong Kong (12/49) | 12/49 (25%) | [44,48,49] |