PBMCs collected at baseline from patients with T1D (n = 10) were labeled for CD3, CD4, CD45RO, CXCR5, CXCR3, CCR4, CD25, and CD127, and the 127-hi pre-Th2 (black circles) and CD25– pre-Th2 (white circles) cells were sorted. Cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads for 48 hours and supernatants were harvested. IL-4 (A), IL-13 (B), IL-5 (C), IL-10 (D), IFN-γ (E), IL-2 (F), IL-6 (G), and TNF-α (H) levels were measured. Statistical significance was calculated using Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-rank test. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. **P = 0.009–0.001.